{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:14:59Z","timestamp":1793816099741,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":265,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are classed as diseases of aging, which are associated with an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic lesion formation caused by such diseases and is considered as one of the leading causes of death globally, representing a severe health crisis affecting the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is described as a chronic condition that can lead to myocardial infarction, ischemic cardiomyopathy, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease and to date, most pharmacological therapies mainly aim to control risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease. Advances in transformative therapies and imaging diagnostics agents could shape the clinical applications of such approaches, including nanomedicine, biomaterials, immunotherapy, cell therapy, and gene therapy, which are emerging and likely to significantly impact CVD management in the coming decade. This review summarizes the current anti-atherosclerotic therapies\u2019 major milestones, strengths, and limitations. It provides an overview of the recent discoveries and emerging technologies in nanomedicine, cell therapy, and gene and immune therapeutics that can revolutionize CVD clinical practice by steering it toward precision medicine. CVD-related clinical trials and promising pre-clinical strategies that would significantly impact patients with CVD are discussed. Here, we review these recent advances, highlighting key clinical opportunities in the rapidly emerging field of CVD medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T07:37:30Z","timestamp":1722843450000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Emerging Trends and Innovations in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review towards Healthier Aging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alradwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nojoud","family":"AL Fayez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad N.","family":"Alomary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhassan H.","family":"Aodah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad A.","family":"Almughem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khulud A.","family":"Alsulami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Aldossary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness and Preventative Medicine Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah O.","family":"Alawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Aging Research Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6164-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya M. K.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam A.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21749","article-title":"Behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthy diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"324","author":"Krist","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.068","article-title":"Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03371-3","article-title":"Diversity of macrophage phenotypes and responses in atherosclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Jinnouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.5.1262","article-title":"Lessons from sudden coronary death: A comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"20","author":"Virmani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, I., and Khan, G.A. (2020). Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases. Basic and Clinical Understanding of Microcirculation, Intech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89365"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theofilis, P., Sagris, M., Oikonomou, E., Antonopoulos, A.S., Siasos, G., Tsioufis, C., and Tousoulis, D. (2021). Inflammatory mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070781"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5245308","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5245308","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced atherosclerosis","volume":"2020","author":"Khatana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mushenkova, N.V., Bezsonov, E.E., Orekhova, V.A., Popkova, T.V., Starodubova, A.V., and Orekhov, A.N. (2021). Recognition of Oxidized Lipids by Macrophages and Its Role in Atherosclerosis Development. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080915"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316233","article-title":"Crosstalk between Macrophages and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability","volume":"42","author":"Yurdagul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhardt, T., Haghikia, A., Stapmanns, P., and Leistner, D.M. (2022). Immune mechanisms of plaque instability. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.797046"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.12.021","article-title":"Vascular imaging of atherosclerosis: Strengths and weaknesses","volume":"319","author":"Mantella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"D\u2019Abate, F., and Vitale, C. (2023). Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Ultrasound Assessment: A Pocket Guide for Ultrasound Practitioners, ABC Vascular."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101925","article-title":"PET Radiotracers in Atherosclerosis: A Review","volume":"48","author":"Blanchard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.021","article-title":"The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risks: A compass for global action","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab213","article-title":"Burden of ischemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019","volume":"29","author":"Safiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.13","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune-inflammatory target in pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S250872","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Pala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prilepskii, A.Y., Serov, N.S., Kladko, D.V., and Vinogradov, V.V. (2020). Nanoparticle-Based Approaches towards the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12111056"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, Q., Liu, H., Liu, J., Pang, Y., and Liu, Q. (2022). Advances in immunotherapy modalities for atherosclerosis. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1079185"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0036-6","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for cardiac regeneration and repair","volume":"15","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelnour, S.A., Xie, L., Hassanin, A.A., Zuo, E., and Lu, Y. (2021). The Potential of CRISPR\/Cas9 Gene Editing as a Treatment Strategy for Inherited Diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.699597"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e1046","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","article-title":"2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omidi, F., Rahmannia, M., Shahidi Bonjar, A.H., Mohammadsharifi, P., Nasiri, M.J., and Sarmastzadeh, T. (2023). Ezetimibe and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1269172"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801174","article-title":"Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"379","author":"Steg","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912387","article-title":"Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol","volume":"382","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.020","article-title":"Efficacy of fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction in persons with atherogenic dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"217","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003675","article-title":"Management of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease requiring cardiac and noncardiac surgery","volume":"128","author":"Capodanno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-019-00150-w","article-title":"A Review of the Role of Bradykinin and Nitric Oxide in the Cardioprotective Action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Focus on Perindopril","volume":"8","author":"Ancion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Herman, L.L., Padala, S.A., Ahmed, I., and Bashir, K. (2024). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Reynolds","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2023.12.3.213","article-title":"The Cardiovascular Effect of Tirzepatide: A Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Dual Agonist","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"381","author":"Tardif","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aprotosoaie, A.C., Costache, A.D., and Costache, I.I. (2022). Therapeutic Strategies and Chemoprevention of Atherosclerosis: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040722"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00198-1","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis\u2014from experimental insights to the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.007","article-title":"Cytokine Circuits in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"50","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad304","article-title":"Novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis: Inflammation and beyond","volume":"44","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014941","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014941","article-title":"Interleukin-1 Blockade Inhibits the Acute Inflammatory Response in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction","volume":"9","author":"Abbate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"10","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"24","author":"Rakocevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"RCM"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.05.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high risk of atherosclerotic events in Japan (RESCUE-2): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"82","author":"Wada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798","article-title":"Low-Dose Methotrexate for the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Events","volume":"380","author":"Ridker","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.027","article-title":"Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"61","author":"Nidorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.19.2290","article-title":"Prominent role of P-selectin in the development of advanced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice","volume":"101","author":"Dong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-07-2209","article-title":"Platelet P-selectin facilitates atherosclerotic lesion development","volume":"101","author":"Burger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1736-5","article-title":"The P-selectin and PSGL-1 axis accelerates atherosclerosis via activation of dendritic cells by the TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-11-0701","article-title":"Prevention of in-stent restenosis via reduction of thrombo-inflammatory reactions with recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1","volume":"91","author":"Tanguay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065604.56839.18","article-title":"Single injection of P-selectin or P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 monoclonal antibody blocks neointima formation after arterial injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"107","author":"Phillips","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.03.003","article-title":"Effects of the P-selectin antagonist inclacumab on myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary intervention for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Results of the SELECT-ACS trial","volume":"61","author":"Tardif","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P.-Y., Gao, W.-Y., Liou, J.-W., Lin, C.-Y., Wu, M.-J., and Yen, J.-H. (2021). Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 (ANGPTL3) Modulates Lipoprotein Metabolism and Dyslipidemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147310"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100112","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like 3 inhibition of endothelial lipase is not modulated by angiopoietin-like 8","volume":"62","author":"Salvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612790","article-title":"Genetic and Pharmacologic Inactivation of ANGPTL3 and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"377","author":"Dewey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.030","article-title":"ANGPTL3 Deficiency and Protection Against Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"69","author":"Stitziel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.119","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like 3 in lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Kersten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1894","article-title":"ANGPTL8 Blockade With a Monoclonal Antibody Promotes Triglyceride Clearance, Energy Expenditure, and Weight Loss in Mice","volume":"158","author":"Gusarova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004215","article-title":"Evinacumab for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"383","author":"Raal","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031049","article-title":"Evinacumab in Patients with Refractory Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"383","author":"Rosenson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa689","article-title":"Vupanorsen, an N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to ANGPTL3 mRNA, lowers triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridaemia","volume":"41","author":"Gaudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059266","article-title":"Effect of Vupanorsen on Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Statin-Treated Patients With Elevated Cholesterol: TRANSLATE-TIMI 70","volume":"145","author":"Bergmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafiane, A. (2019). Vulnerable Plaque, Characteristics, Detection, and Potential Therapies. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd6030026"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa047","article-title":"The choice of targets and ligands for site-specific delivery of nanomedicine to atherosclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Zia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2007.09.001","article-title":"Metalloproteinases and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"17","author":"Newby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.200700290","article-title":"Zinc-binding groups modulate selective inhibition of MMPs","volume":"3","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-018-0045-0","article-title":"Synthesis, radiosynthesis, in vitro and first in vivo evaluation of a new matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor based on \u03b3-fluorinated \u03b1-sulfonylaminohydroxamic acid","volume":"3","author":"Hugenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309846","article-title":"Tissue Factor","volume":"38","author":"Grover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00298.x","article-title":"What is all that thrombin for?","volume":"1","author":"Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u0105bczyk, M., Natorska, J., and Undas, A. (2021). Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132999"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011670","article-title":"The Hemostatic System as a Modulator of Atherosclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Borissoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179739","article-title":"Concept of Vulnerable\/Unstable Plaque","volume":"30","author":"Finn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7633(20020301)3:2\/3<207::AID-CBIC207>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"A novel near-infrared fluorescence sensor for detection of thrombin activation in blood","volume":"3","author":"Tung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15103","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR05095C","article-title":"Activatable magnetic resonance nanosensor as a potential imaging agent for detecting and discriminating thrombosis","volume":"10","author":"Ta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.03.009","article-title":"Non-invasive imaging techniques for the differentiation of acute and chronic thrombosis","volume":"177","author":"Yusof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1650522","article-title":"Evaluation of the fibrin binding profile of two anti-fibrin monoclonal antibodies","volume":"76","author":"Raut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2014.07.023","article-title":"A fibrin-specific monoclonal antibody from a designed phage display library inhibits clot formation and localizes to tumors in vivo","volume":"426","author":"Putelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80312-6","article-title":"Uptake of hematoporphyrin derivative by atheromatous plaques: Studies in human in vitro and rabbit in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Spokojny","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900080312","article-title":"Prospective study of cutaneous phototoxicity after systemic hematoporphyrin derivative","volume":"8","author":"Wooten","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900110503","article-title":"Presence of blood significantly decreases transmission of 630 nm laser light","volume":"11","author":"Vincent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0140-z","article-title":"Clinical development of photodynamic agents and therapeutic applications","volume":"22","author":"Baskaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houthoofd, S., Vuylsteke, M., Mordon, S., and Fourneau, I. (2020). Photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis. The potential of indocyanine green. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther., 29.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.10.003"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1583\/1074-6218(1995)002<0365:DLDFPT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Determining light dose for photodynamic therapy of atherosclerotic lesions in the Yucatan miniswine","volume":"2","author":"Hsiang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10336","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Applications in atherosclerotic vascular disease with motexafin lutetium","volume":"57","author":"Chou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3446","article-title":"State-of-play for cellular therapies in cardiac repair and regeneration","volume":"39","author":"Vaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i9.1231","article-title":"Stem cell therapies in cardiac diseases: Current status and future possibilities","volume":"13","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02883-3","article-title":"Comparing the effect of bone marrow mono-nuclear cells with mesenchymal stem cells after acute myocardial infarction on improvement of left ventricular function: A meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s40778-021-00197-3","article-title":"Approaches to Optimize Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Function","volume":"7","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01728-1","article-title":"The involving progress of MSCs based therapy in atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, W.T., and Guo, H.D. (2023). Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Treatment of Myocardial Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054577"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., An, M., Haubner, B.J., and Penninger, J.M. (2022). Cardiac regeneration: Options for repairing the injured heart. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.981982"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1327","article-title":"Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts","volume":"25","author":"Laflamme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.09.008","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes engraft but do not alter cardiac remodeling after chronic infarction in rats","volume":"49","author":"Fernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyagawa, S., Kainuma, S., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, K., Ito, Y., Iseoka, H., Ito, E., Takeda, M., Sasai, M., and Mochizuki-Oda, N. (2022). Case report: Transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte patches for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.950829"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2020.0518","article-title":"Challenges and Limitations of Strategies to Promote Therapeutic Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell-Based Cardiac Repair","volume":"51","author":"Bui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01648-0","article-title":"Mending a broken heart: Current strategies and limitations of cell-based therapy","volume":"11","author":"Liew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, R.E., Anzai, T., Chanthra, N., and Uosaki, H. (2020). A Brief Review of Current Maturation Methods for Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00178"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacchetto, C., Vitiello, L., de Windt, L.J., Rampazzo, A., and Calore, M. (2020). Modeling Cardiovascular Diseases with hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes in 2D and 3D Cultures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093404"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.04.005","article-title":"Tri-iodo-l-thyronine promotes the maturation of human cardiomyocytes-derived from induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-020-00197-8","article-title":"Gene therapy and gene correction: Targets, progress, and challenges for treating human diseases","volume":"29","author":"Cring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01007-9","article-title":"RNA Therapeutics: The Next Generation of Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Bejar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz250","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 gene-editing strategies in cardiovascular cells","volume":"116","author":"Vermersch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-041217-010829","article-title":"Therapeutic Antisense Oligonucleotides Are Coming of Age","volume":"70","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.316290","article-title":"N-Acetyl Galactosamine Targeting: Paving the Way for Clinical Application of Nucleotide Medicines in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"41","author":"Biessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2016.0656","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Antisense Oligonucleotides","volume":"27","author":"Crooke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa229","article-title":"From traditional pharmacological towards nucleic acid-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"41","author":"Landmesser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M093740","article-title":"ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance","volume":"60","author":"Ramms","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00046-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with multifactorial chylomicronaemia (COMPASS): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715944","article-title":"Volanesorsen and Triglyceride Levels in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome","volume":"381","author":"Witztum","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2021.1955348","article-title":"Volanesorsen for treatment of familial chylomicronemia syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lazarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1400284","article-title":"Targeting APOC3 in the familial chylomicronemia syndrome","volume":"371","author":"Gaudet","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz209","article-title":"N-acetyl galactosamine-conjugated antisense drug to APOC3 mRNA, triglycerides and atherogenic lipoprotein levels","volume":"40","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2022.06.005","article-title":"Effect of olezarsen targeting APOC-III on lipoprotein size and particle number measured by NMR in patients with hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"16","author":"Tardif","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-06991-1","article-title":"The Clinical Role of Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 in Evaluating Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P039875","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and plasma lipids in subjects with familial combined hypolipidemia: A pooled analysis","volume":"54","author":"Minicocci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Akcea, T. (2024, May 27). A Phase 2 Open-Label Study to Assess the Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of AKCEA-ANGPTL3-LRx (ISIS 703802) Administered Subcutaneously to Patients with Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS); NCT03360747; clinicaltrials.gov: 2020\/12\/11\/2020, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03360747."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.91","article-title":"ANGPTL3: A therapeutic target for atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.11.023","article-title":"Targeting ANGPTL3 by GalNAc-conjugated siRNA ANGsiR10 lowers blood lipids with long-lasting and potent efficacy in mice and monkeys","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00914-7","article-title":"ANGPTL3 and Apolipoprotein C-III as Novel Lipid-Lowering Targets","volume":"23","author":"Akoumianakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"499","article-title":"Italian Real-Life Experience of Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis Treated with Patisiran","volume":"15","author":"Fava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13154","article-title":"Ligand conjugated antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of transthyretin amyloidosis: Preclinical and phase 1 data","volume":"8","author":"Viney","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2504","article-title":"Unmasking the prevalence of amyloid cardiomyopathy in the real world: Results from Phase 2 of the AC-TIVE study, an Italian nationwide survey","volume":"24","author":"Merlo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716793","article-title":"Inotersen Treatment for Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"379","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2016.1191458","article-title":"Suppressing transthyretin production in mice, monkeys and humans using 2nd-Generation antisense oligonucleotides","volume":"23","author":"Ackermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2017.06.005","article-title":"Therapeutic miRNA and siRNA: Moving from Bench to Clinic as Next Generation Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0207-x","article-title":"Therapeutic siRNA: State of the art","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15972","article-title":"Small interfering RNA: Discovery, pharmacology and clinical development\u2014An introductory review","volume":"180","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.11.026","article-title":"Life of RISC: Formation, action, and degradation of RNA-induced silencing complex","volume":"82","author":"Iwakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201100054","article-title":"Current progress of siRNA\/shRNA therapeutics in clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Burnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2018-0067","article-title":"Inclisiran for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: The ORION clinical development program","volume":"14","author":"Stoekenbroek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarzani, R., Spannella, F., Di Pentima, C., Giulietti, F., Landolfo, M., and Allevi, M. (2024). Molecular Therapies in Cardiovascular Diseases: Small Interfering RNA in Atherosclerosis, Heart Failure, and Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010328"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1491","article-title":"Inclisiran Lowers LDL-C and PCSK9 Irrespective of Diabetes Status: The ORION-1 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"42","author":"Leiter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa139","article-title":"Insights from ORION studies: Focus on inclisiran safety","volume":"117","author":"Catapano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-022-07413-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Inclisiran in Patients with Polyvascular Disease: Pooled, Post Hoc Analysis of the ORION-9, ORION-10, and ORION-11 Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"38","author":"Koenig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2020-0150","article-title":"Clinical implications and outcomes of the ORION Phase III trials","volume":"17","author":"Brandts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasoni, D., Bonfioli, G.B., Aimo, A., Adamo, M., Canepa, M., Inciardi, R.M., Lombardi, C.M., Nardi, M., Pagnesi, M., and Riccardi, M. (2023). Treating amyloid transthyretin cardiomyopathy: Lessons learned from clinical trials. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1154594"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2018-0033","article-title":"Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis","volume":"9","author":"Kristen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02989-4","article-title":"Selection of GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs with limited off-target-driven rat hepatotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Janas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0591-y","article-title":"The Onpattro story and the clinical translation of nanomedicines containing nucleic acid-based drugs","volume":"14","author":"Akinc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2019.1681392","article-title":"APOE polymorphism in ATTR amyloidosis patients treated with lipid nanoparticle siRNA","volume":"27","author":"Niemietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-020-01399-4","article-title":"A phase II, open-label, extension study of long-term patisiran treatment in patients with hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis","volume":"15","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.801","article-title":"Genetically Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"301","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109034","article-title":"Genetic Associations with Valvular Calcification and Aortic Stenosis","volume":"368","author":"Thanassoulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"e48","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"42","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq386","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: Current status","volume":"31","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01634-w","article-title":"Preclinical development and phase 1 trial of a novel siRNA targeting lipoprotein(a)","volume":"28","author":"Koren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.21835","article-title":"Lepodisiran, an Extended-Duration Short Interfering RNA Targeting Lipoprotein(a): A Randomized Dose-Ascending Clinical Trial","volume":"330","author":"Nissen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121159","article-title":"Liver Angiotensinogen Is the Primary Source of Renal Angiotensin II","volume":"23","author":"Matsusaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Surma, S., and Oparil, S. (2024). Zilebesiran\u2014the first siRNA-based drug in hypertensiology: Why is it needed, and will it change the treatment approach of hypertension?. Arter. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208391","article-title":"Zilebesiran, an RNA Interference Therapeutic Agent for Hypertension","volume":"389","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx165","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases: Diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Poller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0045-7","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA function in animals","volume":"20","author":"Gebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.02.004","article-title":"MicroRNA: A new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"26","author":"Samanta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"17","article-title":"microRNA-based diagnostics and therapy in cardiovascular disease\u2014Summing up the facts","volume":"5","author":"Schulte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12660","article-title":"A synthetic microRNA-92a inhibitor (MRG-110) accelerates angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic and nondiabetic wounds","volume":"26","author":"Piper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa898","article-title":"Novel antisense therapy targeting microRNA-132 in patients with heart failure: Results of a first-in-human Phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"42","author":"Hauke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"(2024, May 27). Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ProvidedDocs\/20\/NCT03514420\/Prot_SAP_000.pdf."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07511","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts","volume":"456","author":"Thum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189862","article-title":"MiR-33 Contributes to the Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis","volume":"328","author":"Rayner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.267443","article-title":"MicroRNA Profiling Identifies MicroRNA-155 as an Adverse Mediator of Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction During Acute Viral Myocarditis","volume":"111","author":"Corsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.12.003","article-title":"Targeting and delivery of microRNA-targeting antisense oligonucleotides in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"374","author":"Dichek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.099","article-title":"The use of antibody modified liposomes loaded with AMO-1 to deliver oligonucleotides to ischemic myocardium for arrhythmia therapy","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.12.004","article-title":"Delivery of microRNA-1 inhibitor by dendrimer-based nanovector: An early targeting therapy for myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.11.6.324.3","article-title":"The Positive Effect of MiR1 Antagomir on Ischemic Neurological Disorders via Changing the Expression of Bcl-w and Bad Genes","volume":"11","author":"Talebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000946","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000946","article-title":"Single intracoronary injection of encapsulated antagomir-92a promotes angiogenesis and prevents adverse infarct remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Bellera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"2319","article-title":"Human peripheral blood-derived exosomes for microRNA delivery","volume":"43","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.189480","article-title":"Nrf2 Protects Against Maladaptive Cardiac Responses to Hemodynamic Stress","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.04.028","article-title":"AntimiR-132 Attenuates Myocardial Hypertrophy in an Animal Model of Percutaneous Aortic Constriction","volume":"77","author":"Hinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa791","article-title":"CDR132L improves systolic and diastolic function in a large animal model of chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Batkai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Zhang, K., and Song, J. (2021). Targeted Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: A Precision Therapy Era. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.623674"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2682","article-title":"Modified mRNA directs the fate of heart progenitor cells and induces vascular regeneration after myocardial infarction","volume":"31","author":"Zangi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08852-4","article-title":"Intradermal delivery of modified mRNA encoding VEGF-A in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.05.030","article-title":"Synthetic mRNA Encoding VEGF-A in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Design of a Phase 2a Clinical Trial","volume":"18","author":"Anttila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148555","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI148555","article-title":"Moving toward genome-editing therapies for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"132","author":"Musunuru","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0089-y","article-title":"Applications of genome editing technology in the targeted therapy of human diseases: Mechanisms, advances and prospects","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wani, S.H., and Hensel, G. (2022). Genome Editing: A Review of the Challenges and Approaches. Genome Editing: Current Technology Advances and Applications for Crop Improvement, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08072-2"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.2022.14","article-title":"A glance at the application of CRISPR\/Cas9 gene-editing technology in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"14","author":"Roshanravan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.103470","article-title":"Gene and cell therapy approaches for familial hypercholesterolemia: An update","volume":"28","author":"Parsamanesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106480","article-title":"CRISPR\/CAS9: A promising approach for the research and treatment of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"185","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2174\/15665232113139990026","article-title":"Genome engineering with TAL-effector nucleases and alternative modular nuclease technologies","volume":"13","author":"Scharenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079512","article-title":"Enhancing Gene Targeting with Designed Zinc Finger Nucleases","volume":"300","author":"Bibikova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0623-4","article-title":"Cas9 activates the p53 pathway and selects for p53-inactivating mutations","volume":"52","author":"Enache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2019.03.010","article-title":"RNA epigenetics and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"129","author":"Dorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03534-y","article-title":"In vivo CRISPR base editing of PCSK9 durably lowers cholesterol in primates","volume":"593","author":"Musunuru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.029","article-title":"Clinical Features and Natural History of PRKAG2 Variant Cardiac Glycogenosis","volume":"76","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062132","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of an Investigational Single-Course CRISPR Base-Editing Therapy Targeting PCSK9 in Nonhuman Primate and Mouse Models","volume":"147","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-00933-4","article-title":"In vivo adenine base editing of PCSK9 in macaques reduces LDL cholesterol levels","volume":"39","author":"Rothgangl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031335","article-title":"Reduced Blood Lipid Levels With In Vivo CRISPR-Cas9 Base Editing of ANGPTL3","volume":"137","author":"Chadwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.065","article-title":"Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein\u2013Associated Apolipoproteins Predict Cardiovascular Events and Are Lowered by Inhibition of APOC-III","volume":"69","author":"Pechlaner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317686","article-title":"Inactivation of ApoC3 by CRISPR\/Cas9 Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Hamsters","volume":"127","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01605-7","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated knockout of APOC3 stabilizes plasma lipids and inhibits atherosclerosis in rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Zha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.014","article-title":"A Single Administration of CRISPR\/Cas9 Lipid Nanoparticles Achieves Robust and Persistent In Vivo Genome Editing","volume":"22","author":"Finn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107454","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"385","author":"Gillmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557521666210913112030","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Engineering: Trends in Medicine and Health","volume":"22","author":"Zaib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04470-1","article-title":"Structural basis for mismatch surveillance by CRISPR\u2013Cas9","volume":"603","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.37","article-title":"Off-target Effects in CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated Genome Engineering","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.306816","article-title":"A Platform for Reverse Genetics in Endothelial Cells","volume":"117","author":"Kok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-062215-010822","article-title":"CRISPR\u2013Cas9 Structures and Mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17946","article-title":"Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without double-stranded DNA cleavage","volume":"533","author":"Komor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297922080090","article-title":"CRISPR\u2013Cas9: A History of Its Discovery and Ethical Considerations of Its Use in Genome Editing","volume":"87","author":"Gostimskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Mosc."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.1003","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy: A focus on T-regulatory cells","volume":"96","author":"Elkord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poels, K., van Leent, M.M., Reiche, M.E., Kusters, P.J., Huveneers, S., de Winther, M.P., Mulder, W.J., Lutgens, E., and Seijkens, T.T. (2020). Antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 aggravates atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and progression in hyperlipidemic mice. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091987"},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"599","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy aggravates T cell\u2013driven plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Poels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardio Oncol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01690-3","article-title":"Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9): From bench to bedside","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100497","article-title":"VXX-401, a novel anti-PCSK9 vaccine, reduces LDL-C in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"65","author":"Vroom","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00353-9","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of inclisiran in patients with high cardiovascular risk and elevated LDL cholesterol (ORION-3): Results from the 4-year open-label extension of the ORION-1 trial","volume":"11","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-L., Zhu, Q.-Q., Zhu, L., Chen, J.-Z., Chen, Q.-H., Li, G.-N., Xie, J., Kang, L.-N., and Xu, B. (2015). Safety and efficacy of anti-PCSK9 antibodies: A meta-analysis of 25 randomized, controlled trials. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0358-8"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsioufis, P., Theofilis, P., Tsioufis, K., and Tousoulis, D. (2022). The impact of cytokines in coronary atherosclerotic plaque: Current therapeutic approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415937"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117720","article-title":"Targeted anti-inflammatory therapy is a new insight for reducing cardiovascular events: A review from physiology to the clinic","volume":"253","author":"Soroureddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Sahu, A., Hwang, Y., Kim, G.B., Nam, G.H., Kim, I.-S., Kwon, I.C., and Tae, G. (2020). Targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokine by nanocarrier reduces atherosclerosis in Apo E\u2212\/-mice. Biomaterials, 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119550"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.01.119","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease: Lessons from the CANTOS trial","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23841.x","article-title":"Chemokines: Key players in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"125","author":"Esche","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.912","article-title":"Targeting the chemokine network in atherosclerosis","volume":"330","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.11.005","article-title":"Effect of CC chemokine receptor 2 CCR2 blockade on serum C-reactive protein in individuals at atherosclerotic risk and with a single nucleotide polymorphism of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promoter region","volume":"107","author":"Gilbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA119000100","article-title":"CXCL12 promotes atherosclerosis by downregulating ABCA1 expression via the CXCR4\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-cateninT120\/TCF21 pathway","volume":"60","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.147827","article-title":"CXCR3 antagonist NBI-74330 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in LDL receptor\u2013deficient mice","volume":"28","author":"Birch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"ofz112","article-title":"Maraviroc intensification modulates atherosclerotic progression in HIV-suppressed patients at high cardiovascular risk. A randomized, crossover pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Francisci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oniszczuk, A., Oniszczuk, T., Gancarz, M., and Szyma\u0144ska, J. (2021). Role of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in the cardiovascular diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041172"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Li, D., Jia, Z., Hui, J., Xin, Q., Zhou, Q., Cong, W., and Xu, F. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of research on the links between gut microbiota and atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.941607"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","article-title":"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M., Yang, S., Wang, S., Cao, Y., Zhao, R., Li, X., Xing, Y., and Liu, L. (2020). Effect of berberine on atherosclerosis and gut microbiota modulation and their correlation in high-fat diet-fed ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00223"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Huang, Z., Jiang, J., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Jia, Y., Zhang, L., and Zhou, F. (2021). Ferulic acid ameliorates atherosclerotic injury by modulating gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.621339"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khongrum, J., Yingthongchai, P., Boonyapranai, K., Wongtanasarasin, W., Aobchecy, P., Tateing, S., Prachansuwan, A., Sitdhipol, J., Niwasabutra, K., and Thaveethaptaikul, P. (2023). Safety and Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei TISTR 2593 Supplementation on Improving Cholesterol Metabolism and Atherosclerosis-Related Parameters in Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030661"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2020.03.009","article-title":"Probiotic: Conceptualization from a new approach","volume":"32","author":"Zendeboodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, L.J.F., Jans, A., Bartneck, M., and van der Vorst, E.P.C. (2021). Immunomodulatory Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143185"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900036","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900036","article-title":"Atherosclerosis Treatment with Stimuli-Responsive Nanoagents: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Maruf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.07.035","article-title":"Non-proinflammatory and responsive nanoplatforms for targeted treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"143","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossaini Nasr, S., and Huang, X. (2021). Nanotechnology for Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.755569"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100309y","article-title":"Multimodal clinical imaging to longitudinally assess a nanomedical anti-inflammatory treatment in experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Lobatto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.02.022","article-title":"Liposomal prednisolone promotes macrophage lipotoxicity in experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Schulte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, T., Zhang, Z., Xu, J., Liu, H., Cai, L., Huang, G., Wang, C., Chen, Y., Xia, L., and Ding, X. (2023). Atherosclerosis treatment with nanoagent: Potential targets, stimulus signals and drug delivery mechanisms. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1205751"},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"880","article-title":"Significant difference between sirolimus and paclitaxel nanoparticles in anti-proliferation effect in normoxia and hypoxia: The basis of better selection of atherosclerosis treatment","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.06.003","article-title":"Employment of targeted nanoparticles for imaging of cellular processes in cardiovascular disease","volume":"66","author":"Modak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, F., Xiao, C., Li, C., Liu, X., and Li, S. (2023). Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment. Regen. Biomater., 10.","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac103"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102346","article-title":"Nanoparticles target intimal macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"32","author":"Dhanasekara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.62730","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Development of Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22910","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22910","article-title":"E-selectin-targeting delivery of microRNAs by microparticles ameliorates endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217693116","article-title":"Targeting cell adhesion molecules with nanoparticles using in vivo and flow-based in vitro models of atherosclerosis","volume":"242","author":"Khodabandehlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114709","article-title":"Molecularly targeted nanomedicine enabled by inorganic nanoparticles for atherosclerosis diagnosis and treatment","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0436-0","article-title":"Application of targeted therapy strategies with nanomedicine delivery for atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/bc500517k","article-title":"HDL-mimetic PLGA nanoparticle to target atherosclerosis plaque macrophages","volume":"26","author":"Fay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR00308E","article-title":"Effective atherosclerotic plaque inflammation inhibition with targeted drug delivery by hyaluronan conjugated atorvastatin nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Rashidijahanabad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.8b00882","article-title":"A Supramolecular Nanocarrier for Delivery of Amiodarone Anti-Arrhythmic Therapy to the Heart","volume":"30","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehu, M., Narasimhulu, C.A., and Singla, D.K. (2022). Inflammatory Cells in Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020233"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17135","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17135","article-title":"Targeted gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for CD163 detection in atherosclerosis by MRI","volume":"5","author":"Tarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00629-x","article-title":"Macrophage-targeted nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.12.033","article-title":"Amphiphilic macromolecule nanoassemblies suppress smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelet adhesion","volume":"84","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424594112","article-title":"Sugar-based amphiphilic nanoparticles arrest atherosclerosis in vivo","volume":"112","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, G., Sharma, D., Bisen, S., Mukhopadhyay, C.S., Gurdziel, K., and Singh, N.K. (2023). Vascular cell-adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) regulates JunB-mediated IL-8\/CXCL1 expression and pathological neovascularization. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04905-z"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Bjorkegren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.033","article-title":"Comparison of in vivo targeting ability between cRGD and collagen-targeting peptide conjugated nano-carriers for atherosclerosis","volume":"269","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs249060","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.249060","article-title":"The role of profilin-1 in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"134","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43896-7","article-title":"Atherosclerotic plaque development in mice is enhanced by myeloid ZEB1 downregulation","volume":"14","author":"Cortes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117103","article-title":"Drug delivery systems based on CD44-targeted glycosaminoglycans for cancer therapy","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591","article-title":"Immunity and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301838","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202301838","article-title":"An Overview of Nanoparticle Protein Corona Literature","volume":"19","author":"Hajipour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S338349","article-title":"Strategy for Avoiding Protein Corona Inhibition of Targeted Drug Delivery by Linking Recombinant Affibody Scaffold to Magnetosomes","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padin-Gonzalez, E., Lancaster, P., Bottini, M., Gasco, P., Tran, L., Fadeel, B., Wilkins, T., and Monopoli, M.P. (2022). Understanding the Role and Impact of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) on Nanoparticle Formulation: Implications for COVID-19 Vaccines. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.882363"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.01.005","article-title":"Recent advances in nanomaterials for therapy and diagnosis for atherosclerosis","volume":"170","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-016-6649-2","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and Nanotechnology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"30","author":"Kratz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3578","article-title":"Perspectives and opportunities for nanomedicine in the management of atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Lobatto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_265","unstructured":"(2024, January 21). Clinical Trials, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:22Z","timestamp":1760110162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"references-count":265,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16081037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]}}}