{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:32:35Z","timestamp":1777379555239,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"Fondazione CRT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.1856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"Fondazione CRT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"Fondazione CRT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"University of Turin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.1856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"University of Turin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"University of Turin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FSE REACT-EU","award":["2021.1856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1856"]}]},{"name":"FSE REACT-EU","award":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Locale, 2020\u20132023"]}]},{"name":"FSE REACT-EU","award":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON PhD program XXXVII cycle"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrovascular and neurological diseases are characterized by neuroinflammation, which alters the neurovascular unit, whose interaction with the choroid plexus is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and producing cerebrospinal fluid. Dysfunctions in such process can lead to conditions such as idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, a common disease in older adults. Potential pharmacological treatments, based upon intranasal administration, are worthy of investigation because they might improve symptoms and avoid surgery by overcoming the blood\u2013brain barrier and avoiding hepatic metabolism. Nasal lipid nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, may increase the nasal retention and permeation of drugs. To this aim, green solid lipid nanoparticles, obtained by coacervation from natural soaps, are promising vehicles due to their specific lipid matrix composition and the unsaponifiable fraction, endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and thus suitable for restoring the neurovascular unit function. In this experimental work, such green solid lipid nanoparticles, fully characterized from a physico-chemical standpoint, were loaded with a drug combination suitable for reverting hydrocephalus symptoms, allowing us to obtain a non-toxic formulation, a reduction in the production of the cerebrospinal fluid in vitro, and a vasoprotective effect on an isolated vessel model. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles were also tested in animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T12:13:14Z","timestamp":1723119194000},"page":"1051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Green Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by Fatty Acid Coacervation: An Innovative Nasal Delivery Tool for Drugs Targeting Cerebrovascular and Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9390-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Bozza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1219-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Marengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Muntoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7100-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Lazzarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Dianzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6139-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna Carolina","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Valsania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/a, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-7031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Colitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Camisassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aulina s.r.l., Via Aulina, 14, 12035 Racconigi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5081-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15\/a, 10135 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andjelkovic, A.V., Keep, R.F., and Wang, M.M. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137161"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00429-0","article-title":"A year in review: Brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2022","volume":"20","author":"Keep","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1873273","article-title":"Towards precision nanomedicine for cerebrovascular diseases with emphasis on Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM)","volume":"18","author":"Perrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.10.014","article-title":"Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in neurodegenerative, neurovascular and neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"1862","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2013","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Secretion by the Choroid Plexus","volume":"93","author":"Damkier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Liao, J., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Lin, Z., and Xiao, G. (2022). Choroid plexus epithelium and its role in neurological diseases. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.949231"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306117","article-title":"Natural course of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"85","author":"Andren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.05.005","article-title":"Development of hydrocephalus and classical hypothesis of cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics: Facts and illusions","volume":"94","author":"Klarica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.18.04949-3","article-title":"Computerized gait analysis with inertial sensor in the management of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"54","author":"Panciani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.08.013","article-title":"The venous hypothesis of hydrocephalus","volume":"70","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.021","article-title":"Failure of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts: Part II: Overdrainage, Loculation, and Abdominal Complications","volume":"34","author":"Browd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.02.012","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions: A current overview of in vivo studies","volume":"11","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.18433\/J3NC79","article-title":"Intranasal Drug Delivery: How, Why and What for?","volume":"12","author":"Pires","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.01.005","article-title":"Current insights on lipid nanocarrier-assisted drug delivery in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"149","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2018.1429401","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for intranasal administration: Application to nose-to-brain delivery","volume":"15","author":"Battaglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/02652040903031279","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles produced through a coacervation method","volume":"27","author":"Battaglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.096","article-title":"Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids: Oxidised derivatives of linoleic acid and their role in inflammation associated with metabolic syndrome and cancer","volume":"785","author":"Vangaveti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103569","article-title":"The dietary fatty acids \u03b1-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) selectively inhibit microglial nitric oxide production","volume":"109","author":"Lowry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01403-9","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for oral delivery of insulin and insulin analogs: Preliminary ex vivo and in vivo studies","volume":"56","author":"Muntoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.020","article-title":"Glargine insulin loaded lipid nanoparticles: Oral delivery of liquid and solid oral dosage forms","volume":"31","author":"Muntoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-05088-4","article-title":"Bumetanide lowers acute hydrocephalus in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"164","author":"Metayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4361","article-title":"Inflammation-dependent cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion by the choroid plexus epithelium in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus","volume":"23","author":"Karimy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116829","article-title":"Bumetanide decreases canine cerebrospinal fluid production. In vivo evidence for NaCl cotransport in the central nervous system","volume":"92","author":"Javaheri","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108910","article-title":"CNS pharmacology of NKCC1 inhibitors","volume":"205","author":"Kaila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntoni, E., Marini, E., Ferraris, C., Garelli, S., Capucchio, M.T., Colombino, E., Panciani, P.P., and Battaglia, L. (2022). Intranasal lipid nanocarriers: Uptake studies with fluorescently labeled formulations. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112470"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirignano, C., Nadembega, P., Poli, F., Romano, B., Lucariello, G., Rigano, D., and Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (2021). Triterpenoids from Vitellaria paradoxa Stem Barks Reduce Nitrite Levels in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10051006"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707636","article-title":"Celecoxib modulates adhesion of HT29 colon cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression","volume":"153","author":"Dianzani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(99)00332-8","article-title":"Newly recognized cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on cultured human tumor cells","volume":"148","author":"Igarashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01740D","article-title":"Determination of rhodamine B in lipsticks by high performance liquid chromatography after extraction with AOT reversed micelles","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.071","article-title":"Characterization of four wild edible Carduus species from the Mediterranean region via phytochemical and biomolecular analyses","volume":"100","author":"Marengo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dianzani, C., Monge, C., Miglio, G., Serpe, L., Martina, K., Cangemi, L., Ferraris, C., Mioletti, S., Osella, S., and Gigliotti, C.L. (2020). Nanoemulsions as Delivery Systems for Poly-Chemotherapy Aiming at Melanoma Treatment. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051198"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8454-3-13","article-title":"Choroid plexus epithelial monolayers\u2014A cell culture model from porcine brain","volume":"3","author":"Baehr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameli, P.A., Madan, M., Chigurupati, S., Yu, A., Chan, S.L., and Pattisapu, J.V. (2012). Effect of Acetazolamide on Aquaporin-1 and Fluid Flow in Cultured Choroid Plexus. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0923-6_13"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00284-4","article-title":"Active transport properties of porcine choroid plexus cells in culture","volume":"795","author":"Hakvoort","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.033","article-title":"Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.: An aphrodisiac plant with vasorelaxant properties","volume":"192","author":"Brusotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.06.020","article-title":"Apigenin protects endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta against oxidative stress","volume":"616","author":"Jin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7765(94)80063-4","article-title":"Thermoanalysis of the recrystallization process of melt-homogenized glyceride nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Siekmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunjes, H., Siekmann, B., and Westesen, K. (2019). Emulsions of Supercooled Melts\u2014A Novel Drug Delivery System. Submicron Emulsions in Drug Targeting and Delivery, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367810528-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.07.047","article-title":"Gas chromatographic retention indices of trimethylsilyl derivatives of mono- and diglycerides on capillary columns with non-polar stationary phases","volume":"1166","author":"Isidorov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.10.009","article-title":"Screening of fatty acids, saccharides, and phytochemicals in Jatropha curcas seed kernel as their trimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"1102","author":"Thi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murru, E., Carta, G., Manca, C., Sogos, V., Pistis, M., Melis, M., and Banni, S. (2021). Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Brain Metabolism: A Possible Anti-Neuroinflammatory Role Mediated by PPAR\u03b1 Activation. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.587140"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, M., Hu, Y., Wei, W., Jin, Q., and Wang, X. (2019). Production of conjugated fatty acids: A review of recent advances. Biotechnol. Adv., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.107454"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2011.038","article-title":"Fatty acids as Biocompounds: Their role in human metabolism, health and disease\u2014A review part 1: Classification, dietary sources and biological functions","volume":"155","author":"Tvrzicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13530","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05759","article-title":"Conjugated Fatty Acids in Muscle Food Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Robust inhibitory effects of conjugated linolenic acids on a cyclooxygenase-related linoleate 10S-dioxygenase: Comparison with COX-1 and COX-2","volume":"1851","author":"Mashhadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000520990","article-title":"Cinnamic Acid Improved Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice","volume":"107","author":"Zhuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.59.273","article-title":"Anti-Infl ammatory and Chemopreventive Effects of Triterpene Cinnamates and Acetates from Shea Fat","volume":"59","author":"Akihisa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"127","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and Other Bioactivities of Triterpene Esters in Shea Butter","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Surf. Res"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6268","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034687t","article-title":"Phenolic Constituents of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Kernels","volume":"51","author":"Maranz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.06.008","article-title":"Phenolic-antioxidant capacity of mango seed kernels: Therapeutic effect against viper venoms","volume":"28","author":"Salama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/1438-9312(200109)103:9<617::AID-EJLT6170>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Characterization of conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites by RP-HPLC with diode array detector","volume":"103","author":"Melis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.10.014","article-title":"A slippery slope: On the origin, role and physiology of mucus","volume":"124","author":"Taherali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866521666140806164410","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Fluorescent-labelled Cyclosporine A: Anti-Inflammatory Activity In Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Gallarate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.12.003","article-title":"Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography\u2013triple quadrupole mass spectrometry inhibitors fishing assay: A novel method for simultaneously screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitor and superoxide anion scavenger in a single analysis","volume":"715","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente-Pascual, M., G\u00f3mez-Aguado, I., Rodr\u00edguez-Castej\u00f3n, J., Rodr\u00edguez-Gasc\u00f3n, A., Muntoni, E., Battaglia, L., del Pozo-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Aspiazu, M.\u00c1.S. (2020). Topical Administration of SLN-Based Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Corneal Inflammation by De Novo IL-10 Production. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060584"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stella, B., Peira, E., Dianzani, C., Gallarate, M., Battaglia, L., Gigliotti, C.L., Boggio, E., Dianzani, U., and Dosio, F. (2018). Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with a Highly Active Doxorubicin Derivative. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8020110"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente, N., Ferrara, B., Gigliotti, C., Boggio, E., Capucchio, M., Biasibetti, E., Schiffer, D., Mellai, M., Annovazzi, L., and Cangemi, L. (2018). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Carrying Temozolomide for Melanoma Treatment. Preliminary In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020255"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0112","article-title":"Gene Delivery in the Cornea: In Vitro & Ex Vivo Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Vectors","volume":"13","author":"Albano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntoni, E., Martina, K., Marini, E., Giorgis, M., Lazzarato, L., Salaroglio, I.C., Riganti, C., Lanotte, M., and Battaglia, L. (2019). Methotrexate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Protein Functionalization to Improve Brain Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11020065"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(09)70220-5","article-title":"Effects of cinnamic acid on expression of tissue factor induced by TNF\u03b1 in endothelial cells and its mechanisms","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"187","article-title":"Protective effect of cinnamic acid on orthophenylphenol-induced oxidative stress in rats","volume":"13","author":"Kose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83504-9","article-title":"Formation of 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acid from Linoleic Acid in Endothelial Cells","volume":"264","author":"Kaduce","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(90)90190-O","article-title":"Cyclic AMP regulation of endothelial cell triacylglycerol turnover, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) synthesis and endothelial cell thrombogenecity","volume":"1051","author":"Haas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)90557-2","article-title":"13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) stimulates prostacyclin production by endothelial cells","volume":"146","author":"Setty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, H., Kim, Y.-I., Hirai, S., Goto, T., Ohyane, C., Tsugane, T., Konishi, C., Fujii, T., Inai, S., and Iijima, Y. (2012). Comparative and Stability Analyses of 9- and 13-Oxo-octadecadienoic Acids in Various Species of Tomato. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 76.","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.2012E2"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01840.x","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and the ketogenic diet","volume":"49","author":"Cullingford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04677-9","article-title":"Cotransporter-mediated water transport underlying cerebrospinal fluid formation","volume":"9","author":"Steffensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.5.8404661","article-title":"Thyroxine transport to the brain: Role of protein synthesis by the choroid plexus","volume":"133","author":"Southwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71031141.x","article-title":"The Polarity of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells In Vitro Is Improved in Serum-Free Medium","volume":"71","author":"Hakvoort","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR07581A","article-title":"Evidence of nose-to-brain delivery of nanoemulsions: Cargoes but not vehicles","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1051\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1760110336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/8\/1051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16081051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]}}}