{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:07:21Z","timestamp":1794049641584,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":264,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development Operation (AHEAD), Sri Lanka (AHEAD\/PhD\/R3\/AH\/369)"},{"name":"University of Canberra, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review critically evaluates preclinical and clinical data on the antibacterial and wound healing properties of cannabinoids in integument wounds. Comprehensive searches were conducted across multiple databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS, encompassing records up to May 22, 2024. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven were animal studies, predominantly utilizing murine models (n = 10) and one equine model, involving 437 animals. The seven human studies ranged from case reports to randomized controlled trials, encompassing 92 participants aged six months to ninety years, with sample sizes varying from 1 to 69 patients. The studies examined the effects of various cannabinoid formulations, including combinations with other plant extracts, crude extracts, and purified and synthetic cannabis-based medications administered topically, intraperitoneally, orally, or sublingually. Four animal and three human studies reported complete wound closure. Hemp fruit oil extract, cannabidiol (CBD), and GP1a resulted in complete wound closure in twenty-three (range: 5\u201384) days with a healing rate of 66\u201386% within ten days in animal studies. One human study documented a wound healing rate of 3.3 cm2 over 30 days, while three studies on chronic, non-healing wounds reported an average healing time of 54 (21\u2013150) days for 17 patients by oral oils with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD and topical gels with THC, CBD, and terpenes. CBD and tetrahydrocannabidiol demonstrated significant potential in reducing bacterial loads in murine models. However, further high-quality research is imperative to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of bacterial skin infections and wounds. Additionally, it is crucial to delineate the impact of medicinal cannabis on the various phases of wound healing. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021255413).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T03:43:28Z","timestamp":1724039008000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cannabinoids in Integumentary Wound Care: A Systematic Review of Emerging Preclinical and Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhakshila","family":"Niyangoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Muayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7208-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wubshet","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Bushell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Samarawickrema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy Coaching and Research Consulting Pty Ltd., O\u2019Malley, ACT 2606, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Natural Therapeutics Group, Byron Bay, NSW 2481, Australia"},{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shida","family":"Kebriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eczanes Pharmaceuticals, Rydalmere, NSW 2116, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerity Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada"},{"name":"Hospice Vaughan, Woodbridge, ON L4H 3G7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theoret, C., and Schumacher, J. 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