{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:34:03Z","timestamp":1791282843093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Topical ocular drug delivery faces several challenges due to the eye\u2019s unique anatomy and physiology. Physiological barriers, tear turnover, and blinking hinder the penetration of drugs through the ocular mucosa. In this context, nanoparticles offer several advantages over traditional eye drops. Notably, they can improve drug solubility and bioavailability, allow for controlled and sustained drug release, and can be designed to specifically target ocular tissues, thus minimizing systemic exposure. This study successfully designed and optimized PLGA and PCL nanoparticles for delivering baricitinib (BTB) to the eye using a factorial design, specifically a three-factor at five-levels central rotatable composite 23+ star design. The nanoparticles were small in size so that they would not cause discomfort when applied to the eye. They exhibited low polydispersity, had a negative surface charge, and showed high entrapment efficiency in most of the optimized formulations. The Challenge Test assessed the microbiological safety of the nanoparticle formulations. An ex vivo permeation study through porcine cornea demonstrated that the nanoparticles enhanced the permeability coefficient of the drug more than 15-fold compared to a plain solution, resulting in drug retention in the tissue and providing a depot effect. Finally, the in vitro ocular tolerance studies showed no signs of irritancy, which was further confirmed by HET-CAM testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T09:13:48Z","timestamp":1724145228000},"page":"1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Formulation of Polymeric Nanoparticles Loading Baricitinib as a Topical Approach in Ocular Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Beirampour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Bustos-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Garr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Mohammadi-Meyabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7281-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Dom\u00e8nech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Su\u00f1er-Carb\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 29-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garyfallia","family":"Kapravelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0771-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. 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