{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:47:40Z","timestamp":1785898060763,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A5A2017323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A5A2017323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1C1C1010721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C1010721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aims to create an innovative self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) suppository for ibuprofen (IBU) using semisolid extrusion (SSE) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Methods: Based on solubility studies and the ability to form a transparent microemulsion upon dilution, a selected oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were utilized to prepare SMEDDS-3DPS containing IBU. The optimal formulation consisted of 10% Triacetin, 80% Gelucire 48\/16, and 10% Tetraethylene glycol. SSE 3D printing was employed to create three different-sized suppositories with varying drug contents. These suppositories were assessed for their physicochemical properties, content uniformity, and dissolution profiles. Results: The prepared mixture exhibited suitable physical properties for printing, with nano-sized emulsion droplets providing a large surface area for improved drug absorption in the rectum. Characterization techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that IBU was present in the formulation in an amorphous state. Additionally, in vitro dissolution tests demonstrated that SMEDDS-3DPS had a significantly higher initial dissolution rate compared with IBU powder. Conclusions: This research suggests that SMEDDS-3DPS, as a rectal IBU dosage form, can enhance the rectal bioavailability of IBU. It demonstrates the versatility of 3D printing as a novel manufacturing method for lipid-based suppositories and highlights the simplicity and adaptability of SSE 3D printing technology in producing customized suppositories tailored to individual patient needs, surpassing traditional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T09:11:47Z","timestamp":1729761107000},"page":"1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Customizable Self-Microemulsifying Rectal Suppositories by Semisolid Extrusion 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hye Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Wuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1391838","article-title":"Formulation and delivery strategies of ibuprofen: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"44","author":"Irvine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. 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