{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T04:17:31Z","timestamp":1772597851024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b, 60-630, Poznan, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global aging population has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, leading to an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, among older adults. Depression in the geriatric population is often compounded by chronic physical conditions and various psychosocial factors, significantly impacting their quality of life. The main question raised in this review is as follows: how can personalized medicine and age-appropriate therapeutic approaches improve the management of geriatric depression? This paper explores the epidemiology of geriatric depression, highlighting the influence of gender, race, and socioeconomic status on its prevalence. The classification and diagnosis of geriatric depressive disorders, based on ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria, reveal the complexity of managing these conditions in older adults. Personalized medicine (PM) emerges as a promising approach, focusing on tailoring treatments to the individual\u2019s genetic, clinical, and environmental characteristics. However, the application of PM in this demographic faces challenges, particularly in the context of pharmaceutical forms. The need for age-appropriate drug delivery systems is critical, given the prevalence of polypharmacy and issues such as dysphagia among the older patients. This study emphasizes the importance of developing patient-centric formulations to enhance the effectiveness of personalized therapy in geriatric patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1730291139000},"page":"1397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Geriatric Depression: The Role of Personalized Medicine and Age-Appropriate Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4264-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jaros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5503-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Rybakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Adult Psychiatry Clinic, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-810 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0891-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0418-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Paczkowska-Walendowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Czerny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants National Research Institute, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Departament of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics, Promeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kami\u0144ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics nad Traumatology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Promeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubleskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Wafaie Mahmoud Elsorady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head of Clinical Pharmacy Departments at Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bienert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Wyst\u0119powanie depresji u os\u00f3b starszych korzystaj\u0105cych z pomocy spo\u0142ecznej\u2014Wst\u0119pne wyniki badania","volume":"297","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica Pomy\u015blne Starzenie Si\u0119-Uwarunk. Spo\u0142eczne Przestrz. I Zdrowotne"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, August 27). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00375-x","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Old Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zenebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621","article-title":"Depression in Older Adults","volume":"5","author":"Fiske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103417","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Surveys","volume":"80","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","article-title":"Depression, Chronic Diseases, and Decrements in Health: Results from the World Health Surveys","volume":"370","author":"Moussavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsous, M., Al Muhaissen, B., Massad, T., Sayaheen, B., Alnasser, T., Al-Smadi, A., Al-Zeghoul, R., Abo Al Rob, O., Aljabali, A.A.A., and Gammoh, O. (2024). Exploring Depression, PTSD, Insomnia, and Fibromyalgia Symptoms in Women Exposed to Gaza War News: A Community-Based Study from Jordan. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 207640241270831.","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241270831"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.010","article-title":"Depression and the Older Medical Patient--When and How to Intervene","volume":"79","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Martin, C.R., Preedy, V.R., and Rajendram, R. (2021). Chapter 44\u2014Depression in the Elderly and Psychobiotics. Factors Affecting Neurological Aging, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"465","article-title":"Depression in the Elderly: Clinical Features and Risk Factors","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66665-2","article-title":"Depression in the Elderly","volume":"365","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2016). Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). CBHSQ Methodology Report."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.04.007","article-title":"Depression in Older Adults: A Treatable Medical Condition","volume":"44","author":"Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, M.L., Agathos, J.A., Metcalf, O., Gibson, K., and Lau, W. (2019). Adjustment Disorder: Current Developments and Future Directions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16142537"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200016020-00003","article-title":"Recognition and Treatment of Dysthymia in Elderly Patients","volume":"16","author":"Bellino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0330-z","article-title":"The Association between Chronic Illness, Multimorbidity and Depressive Symptoms in an Australian Primary Care Cohort","volume":"47","author":"Gunn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bra\u00f1ez-Condorena, A., Soriano-Moreno, D.R., Navarro-Flores, A., Solis-Chimoy, B., Diaz-Barrera, M.E., and Taype-Rondan, A. (2021). Accuracy of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-4 and GDS-5 for the Screening of Depression among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253899"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x","article-title":"Validation of the Five-Item Geriatric Depression Scale in Elderly Subjects in Three Different Settings","volume":"51","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.053","article-title":"Usefulness of the 15-Item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) for Classifying Minor and Major Depressive Disorders among Community-Dwelling Elders","volume":"259","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2010.00644.x","article-title":"Depression in the Elderly","volume":"10","author":"Takeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S341","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.224474","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Depression in Elderly","volume":"60","author":"Avasthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5706","article-title":"Management of Depression in Older Adults: A Review","volume":"317","author":"Kok","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.367","article-title":"Hyponatraemia and Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors in Elderly Patients","volume":"16","author":"Kirby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e28946","article-title":"The Risk of Fatal Arrhythmias Associated With Sertraline in Patients With Post-Myocardial Infarction Depression","volume":"14","author":"Gutlapalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Depression in Later Life: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge","volume":"69","author":"Birrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212290","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212290","article-title":"Antidepressant Efficacy and Side-Effect Burden: A Quick Guide for Clinicians","volume":"4","author":"Santarsieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1190","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Venlafaxine in Geriatric Outpatients with Major Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomised 6-Month Comparative Trial with Citalopram","volume":"19","author":"Allard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e318160738e","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Duloxetine at 60 Mg Once Daily in Elderly Patients with Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"28","author":"Raskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Moraczewski, J., Awosika, A.O., and Aedma, K.K. (2024). Tricyclic Antidepressants. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"By the American Geriatrics Society 2015 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (2015). American Geriatrics Society 2015 Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 63, 2227\u20132246.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13702"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7371.991","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Effects and Side Effects of Low Dosage Tricyclic Antidepressants in Depression: Systematic Review","volume":"325","author":"Furukawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of 21 Antidepressant Drugs for the Acute Treatment of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"391","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.07.130","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Older Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review, Pairwise and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutsmiedl, K., Krause, M., Bighelli, I., Schneider-Thoma, J., and Leucht, S. (2020). How Well Do Elderly Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Respond to Antidepressants: A Systematic Review and Single-Group Meta-Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02514-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2012.01.001","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Antidepressant Pharmacokinetics and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions: A Comparison of Evidence-Based Literature and Package Insert Information","volume":"10","author":"Boyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03522.x","article-title":"Potential Underuse, Overuse, and Inappropriate Use of Antidepressants in Older Veteran Nursing Home Residents","volume":"59","author":"Hanlon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-116492","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017","volume":"51","author":"Hiemke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2018.1439595","article-title":"TDM in Psychiatry and Neurology: A Comprehensive Summary of the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology, Update 2017; a Tool for Clinicians","volume":"19","author":"Schoretsanitis","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"France, K., Ammend, D., and Brown, J. (2022). Pharmacogenetic Testing and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Of Sertraline at a Residential Treatment Center for Children and Adolescents: A Pilot Study. Innov. Pharm., 13.","DOI":"10.24926\/iip.v13i4.5035"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000169","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Elderly Patients","volume":"37","author":"Hermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03611-3","article-title":"Age of Onset for Increased Dose-Adjusted Serum Concentrations of Antidepressants and Association with Sex and Genotype: An Observational Study of 34,777 Individuals","volume":"80","author":"Tveit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200825070-00003","article-title":"Adherence to Depression Treatment in Older Adults: A Narrative Review","volume":"25","author":"Zivin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000308883.64832.ed","article-title":"Efficacy of Second Generation Antidepressants in Late-Life Depression: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence","volume":"16","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20451253231212327","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253231212327","article-title":"Optimizing Treatment for Older Adults with Depression","volume":"13","author":"Srifuengfung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S347356","article-title":"Recognizing Depression in the Elderly: Practical Guidance and Challenges for Clinical Management","volume":"18","author":"Devita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S198774","article-title":"Management of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Challenges and Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Voineskos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2305428","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults","volume":"390","author":"Steffens","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.892","article-title":"Recovery from Major Depression in Older Adults Receiving Augmentation of Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy","volume":"164","author":"Dew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15966","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Pharmacologic Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults","volume":"67","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em513","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/13295","article-title":"Potential Strategies to Optimize the Efficacy of Antidepressants: Beyond the Monoamine Theory","volume":"20","author":"Gammoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electron. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-007-0061-3","article-title":"The STAR*D Project Results: A Comprehensive Review of Findings","volume":"9","author":"Warden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2016.1216163","article-title":"Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry","volume":"71","author":"Vinberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2013.06.012","article-title":"Personalized Medicine in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Depression","volume":"36","author":"Souslova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozomaro, U., Wahlestedt, C., and Nemeroff, C.B. (2013). Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry: Problems and Promises. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-132"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01246-y","article-title":"Biomarkers in Child and Adolescent Depression","volume":"54","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesfamicael, K.G., Zhao, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez, R., Adelson, D.L., Musker, M., Polasek, T.M., and Lewis, M.D. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacogenomic-Guided Antidepressant Prescribing in Patients with Depression: An Umbrella Review and Updated Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1276410"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-024-00316-x","article-title":"Pharmacogenomic Testing to Guide Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Khorassani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Treat Options Psych."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2903","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, SLC6A4, and HTR2A Genotypes and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants","volume":"114","author":"Bousman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600551045","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and Antidepressant Drugs","volume":"38","author":"Binder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-3-3-257","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of Antidepressant Response: An Update","volume":"3","author":"Drago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5292.1527","article-title":"Association of Anxiety-Related Traits with a Polymorphism in the Serotonin Transporter Gene Regulatory Region","volume":"274","author":"Lesch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001926","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) Association with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Efficacy in Depressed Patients","volume":"12","author":"Serretti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00132-9","article-title":"Allelic Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Affects Onset of Paroxetine Treatment Response in Late-Life Depression","volume":"23","author":"Pollock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.10.003","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) Association with Antidepressant Efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Porcelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780100081007","article-title":"Urinary MHPG Levels and Tricyclic Antidepressant Drug Selection. A Preliminary Communication on Improved Drug Selection in Clinical Practice","volume":"36","author":"Cobbin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.4\/mthase","article-title":"Using Biomarkers to Predict Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder: Evidence from Past and Present Studies","volume":"16","author":"Thase","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Dexamethasone Suppression Test: An Overview of Its Current Status in Psychiatry (1987). The APA Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry. Am. J. Psychiatry, 144, 1253\u20131262.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.10.1253"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Nie, Z., Shu, H., Kuang, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, J., Yu, S., and Liu, H. (2020). The Role of BDNF on Neural Plasticity in Depression. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00082"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05034.1999","article-title":"Depression Duration but Not Age Predicts Hippocampal Volume Loss in Medically Healthy Women with Recurrent Major Depression","volume":"19","author":"Sheline","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy008","article-title":"Association of BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Brain BDNF Levels with Major Depression and Suicide","volume":"21","author":"Youssef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.10.026","article-title":"Involvement of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Late-Life Depression","volume":"21","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.13.1609","article-title":"Monoamine Transporter Gene Polymorphisms and Antidepressant Response in Koreans with Late-Life Depression","volume":"296","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32834bb9bd","article-title":"Current Pharmacological Approaches and Perspectives in the Treatment of Geriatric Mood Disorders","volume":"24","author":"Diniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02629.x","article-title":"Paroxetine: Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Late-Life Depression Using Sparse Concentration Sampling","volume":"61","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00559.x","article-title":"Diagnostic Guidelines for Bipolar Depression: A Probabilistic Approach","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.086983","article-title":"Association between Antidepressant Resistance in Unipolar Depression and Subsequent Bipolar Disorder: Cohort Study","volume":"200","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.04.012","article-title":"Dosage Form Modification and Oral Drug Delivery in Older People","volume":"135","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aggarwal, P., Woolford, S.J., and Patel, H.P. (2020). Multi-Morbidity and Polypharmacy in Older People: Challenges and Opportunities for Clinical Practice. Geriatrics, 5.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202009.0030.v1"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1302_20","article-title":"A Study of Medication Compliance in Geriatric Patients with Chronic Illness","volume":"10","author":"Punnapurath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drumond, N., and Stegemann, S. (2020). Better Medicines for Older Patients: Considerations between Patient Characteristics and Solid Oral Dosage Form Designs to Improve Swallowing Experience. Pharmaceutics, 13, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7824227\/.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010032"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-020-00990-w","article-title":"Orodispersible Films as a Personalized Dosage Form for Nursing Home Residents, an Exploratory Study","volume":"42","author":"Visser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janczura, M., Sip, S., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2022). The Development of Innovative Dosage Forms of the Fixed-Dose Combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040834"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa, E.V.P., Matute, E.M., Sosa Guzm\u00e1n, D.M., and Khasawneh, F.T. (2024). The Polypill: A New Alternative in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113179"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birla, S., Angural, A., Madathumchalil, A., Shende, R.V., Shastry, S.V., Mahadevappa, M., Shambhu, S.K., Vishwanath, P., and Prashant, A. (2023). Redefining the Polypill: Pros and Cons in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1268119"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01905-8","article-title":"3D Printing as a Promising Tool in Personalized Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Vaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105875","article-title":"3D Printing in Personalized Medicines: A Focus on Applications of the Technology","volume":"35","author":"Bg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles-Martinez, P., Xu, X., Trenfield, S.J., Awad, A., Goyanes, A., Telford, R., Basit, A.W., and Gaisford, S. (2019). 3D Printing of a Multi-Layered Polypill Containing Six Drugs Using a Novel Stereolithographic Method. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11060274"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120360","article-title":"3D Printing of Four-in-One Oral Polypill with Multiple Release Profiles for Personalized Delivery of Caffeine and Vitamin B Analogues","volume":"598","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabriz, A.G., Fullbrook, D.H.G., Vilain, L., Derrar, Y., Nandi, U., Grau, C., Morales, A., Hooper, G., Hiezl, Z., and Douroumis, D. (2021). Personalised Tasted Masked Chewable 3D Printed Fruit-Chews for Paediatric Patients. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081301"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119732","article-title":"3D Printing: An Appealing Route for Customized Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"588","author":"Elkasabgy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojty\u0142ko, M., Lamprou, D.A., Froelich, A., Kuczko, W., Wichniarek, R., and Osma\u0142ek, T. (2023). 3D-Printed Solid Oral Dosage Forms for Mental and Neurological Disorders: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2023.2292692"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"32","article-title":"Polypharmacy: Evaluating Risks and Deprescribing","volume":"100","author":"Scarbrough","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi841","article-title":"Benefits, Challenges, and Registerability of the Polypill","volume":"27","author":"Sleight","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gander, C., Shi, K., Nokhodchi, A., and Lam, M. (2023). A Review of the Benefits 3D Printing Brings to Patients with Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030892"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.023","article-title":"3D Printed Oral Solid Dosage Form: Modified Release and Improved Solubility","volume":"351","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbl, J., Vesel\u00fd, M., Blah\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, D., Ondru\u0161, J., Kulich, P., Ma\u0161kov\u00e1, E., Ma\u0161ek, J., and Gajdziok, J. (2023). Development of 3D Printed Multi-Layered Orodispersible Films with Porous Structure Applicable as a Substrate for Inkjet Printing. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020714"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Epilepsy Foundation (2024, April 26). The First FDA Approved Drug Made by a 3D Printer Is Levetiracetam. Available online: https:\/\/www.epilepsy.com\/stories\/first-fda-approved-drug-made-3d-printer-levetiracetam."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"93","article-title":"First FDA Approved 3D Printed Drug Paved New Path for Increased Precision in Patient Care","volume":"7","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Res. Clin. Trials Regul. Aff."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Chen, X., Han, X., Hong, X., Li, X., Zhang, H., Li, M., Wang, Z., and Zheng, A. (2023). A Review of 3D Printing Technology in Pharmaceutics: Technology and Applications, Now and Future. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020416"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2024, April 26). Technical Considerations for Additive Manufactured Medical Devices, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/technical-considerations-additive-manufactured-medical-devices."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/11\/1397\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:23:40Z","timestamp":1760113420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/16\/11\/1397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics16111397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}