{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:24:51Z","timestamp":1777962291002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abstract: The introduction of biological therapies has revolutionized inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management. A critical consideration in developing these therapies is ensuring adequate drug concentrations at the site of action. While blood-based biomarkers have shown limited utility in optimizing treatment (except for TNF-alpha inhibitors and thiopurines), tissue drug concentrations may offer valuable insights. In antimicrobial therapies, tissue concentration monitoring is standard practice and could provide a new avenue for understanding the pharmacokinetics of biological and small-molecule therapies in IBD. Various methods exist for measuring tissue concentrations, including whole tissue sampling, MALDI-MSI, microdialysis, and fluorescent labeling. These techniques offer unique advantages, such as spatial drug-distribution mapping, continuous sampling, or cellular-level analysis. However, challenges remain, including sampling invasiveness, heterogeneity in tissue compartments, and a lack of standardized bioanalytical guidelines. Drug pharmacokinetics are influenced by multiple factors, including molecular properties, disease-induced changes in the gastrointestinal tract, and the timing of sample collection. For example, drug permeability, solubility, and interaction with transporters may vary between Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. Research into the tissue concentrations of drugs like anti-TNF agents, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, and tofacitinib has shown variable correlations with clinical outcomes, suggesting potential roles for tissue concentration monitoring in therapeutic drug management. Although routine clinical application is not yet established, exploring tissue drug concentrations may enhance understanding of IBD pharmacotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1732249296000},"page":"1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Use of Tissue Concentrations of Biological and Small-Molecule Therapies in Clinical Studies of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed B.","family":"Bayoumy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc J. J.","family":"Derijks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, M\u00e1xima Medical Centre, 5631 BM Eindhoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology and NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanne K. H.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000358135","article-title":"Have biologics changed the natural history of Crohn\u2019s disease?","volume":"32","author":"Mandel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm476","article-title":"Tissue concentrations: Do we ever learn?","volume":"61","author":"Mouton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. 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