{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:49:04Z","timestamp":1780472944078,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research, Development, and Innovation Authority \u201cRDIA\u201d, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["13381-ksu-2023-KSU-R-3-1-HW-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13381-ksu-2023-KSU-R-3-1-HW-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Etrasimod is a newly FDA-approved Sphingosine-1-Phosphate modulator indicated for moderate and severe ulcerative colitis. It is extensively metabolized in the liver via the cytochrome P450 system and may accumulate markedly in patients with hepatic dysfunction, exposing them to toxicity. The aim of the current study is to utilize a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to evaluate the impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic behavior of etrasimod and to appropriately select dosage regimens for patients with chronic liver disease; Methods: PK-Sim was used to develop the etrasimod PBPK model, which was verified using clinical data from healthy subjects and subsequently adapted to reflect the physiological changes associated with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction; Results: Simulations indicated that hepatic clearance of etrasimod is clearly reduced in patients with Child\u2013Pugh B and C liver impairment. Based on these findings, dosing adjustments were proposed to achieve therapeutic exposures equivalent to those in individuals with normal liver function. In the Child\u2013Pugh B and C population groups, 75% and 62.5%, respectively, of the standard dose were enough to have comparable exposure to the healthy population. These adjusted dosages aim to mitigate the risk of drug toxicity while maintaining efficacy; Conclusions: The PBPK model provides a robust framework for individualizing drug therapy in patients with hepatic impairment, ensuring safer and more effective treatment outcomes. Further clinical studies are warranted to verify these dosing recommendations and to refine the model for broader clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"1540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Model-Based Dose Selection of a Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Modulator, Etrasimod, in Patients with Various Degrees of Hepatic Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Poisoning Information Center, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3924-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faleh","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawaz","family":"Alasmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7013-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","article-title":"The Global Burden of IBD: From 2015 to 2025","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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