{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T07:04:06Z","timestamp":1776582246400,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) protection represents an unmet need in glaucoma. This study assessed the neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect of a new nutraceutical formulation named Epicolin, based on citicoline, homotaurine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, forskolin, and vitamins, through in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods: The neuroprotective effect of Epicolin or its single components, and Epicolin compared to an untreated control and two marketed formulations [Formulation G (FG) and N (FN)], was evaluated in neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) challenged with staurosporine. The antioxidant potential and the scavenging activity of Epicolin compared to the untreated control, and FG and FN, was evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells and through oxygen radical absorbance capacity acellular assay, respectively. Moreover, the protective effect against hypoxic damage was evaluated in Muller cells (MIO-M1) subjected to hypoxia. The efficacy of Epicolin was also evaluated in DBA\/2J glaucomatous mice through the use of a pattern electroretinogram (PERG), immunostaining, and real-time PCR. Results: Among the nutraceutical formulations tested, only Epicolin showed a significant neuroprotective effect on SH-SY5Y attributable to the synergistic action of its single ingredients. As for antioxidant and scavenging activity, Epicolin showed a higher efficacy compared to FG and FN. Furthermore, Epicolin showed the same protective effect on MIO-M1 cells reducing HIF-1\u03b1 expression. Finally, Epicolin treatment on DBA\/2J mice protected the RGCs from loss of function, as demonstrated by PERG analysis, and attenuated their death by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and reducing interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) expression. Conclusions: Epicolin, due to its neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, represents a promising potential treatment for glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:42:19Z","timestamp":1736235739000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retinal Protection of New Nutraceutical Formulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Rosario","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Lazzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Luca","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology\u2013CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cKore\u201d University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Bucolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology\u2013CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9198-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santa","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Pasquale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Curatolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Zappulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Medical Science, SIFI S.p.A., 95025 Aci Sant\u2019Antonio, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31817841e5","article-title":"Neuroprotection in Glaucoma: Drug-Based Approaches","volume":"85","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom. 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