{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:48Z","timestamp":1787029308747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP 2022-2024-GI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2022-2024-GI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT-2021-I-A-01195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-I-A-01195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["PIP 2022-2024-GI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 2022-2024-GI"]}]},{"name":"Fondo para la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["PICT-2021-I-A-01195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-I-A-01195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Neurodegenerative ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, represent growing public health concerns. Oxidative stress plays a key role in their development, damaging retinal cells and accelerating disease progression. Melatonin (Mel) is a potent antioxidant with neuroprotective properties; however, it faces limitations such as low solubility. This study proposes the use of human serum albumin nanoparticles (Np-HSA) to enhance the delivery of Mel to the posterior segment of the eye and evaluates its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects on the retina. Methods: A model of retinal degeneration was induced in New Zealand albino rabbits using cytotoxic and oxidative agents. Np-HSA-Mel nanoparticles were administered subconjunctivally, and cellular viability and retinal functionality were assessed using flow cytometry and pupillary light reflex (PLR). Histological and immunohistochemical studies, including the TUNEL assay, were performed to analyse cell survival and apoptotic index. Results: Np-HSA-Mel significantly preserved pupillary function and cell viability, demonstrating lower apoptosis compared to Mel solution and Np-HSA alone. Histologically, eyes treated with Np-HSA-Mel exhibited fewer structural alterations and greater cellular organisation. The TUNEL assay confirmed a significant reduction in the apoptotic index of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) treated with Np-HSA-Mel. Conclusions: Np-HSA-Mel effectively overcame ocular barriers, achieving greater neuroprotective efficacy at the retinal level. These findings highlight the synergistic potential of albumin and Mel in treating neurodegenerative ocular diseases, opening new perspectives for future therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17010085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1736490354000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuroprotective Effect of Melatonin Loaded in Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles Applied Subconjunctivally in a Retinal Degeneration Animal Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4146-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Mickaela","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayelen","family":"Inda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximiliano Nicol\u00e1s","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica de C\u00f3rdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina del Valle","family":"Bessone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes, Villa Mercedes 5730, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abril","family":"Bruera Bossio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Eduardo","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica de C\u00f3rdoba (CIQUIBIC), Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Domingo","family":"Luna Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Cirug\u00eda V\u00edtreo y Retina, Centro Privado de Ojos Romagosa S.A. y Fundaci\u00f3n VER, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Alberto","family":"Allemandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Alejandra","family":"Quinteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Vyawahare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5","article-title":"The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: Vision beyond 2020","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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