{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:10:12Z","timestamp":1790021412465,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oxidative stress significantly impacts skin health, contributing to conditions like aging, pigmentation, and inflammatory disorders. Curcumin, with its potent antioxidant properties, faces challenges of low solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This study aimed to encapsulate curcumin in three lipid nanocarriers\u2014solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and nanoemulsions (NEs)\u2014to enhance its stability, bioavailability, and antioxidant efficacy for potential therapeutic applications in oxidative-stress-related skin disorders. Methods: The lipid nanocarriers were characterized for size, polydispersity index, \u03b6-potential, and encapsulation efficiency. Stability tests under various conditions and antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and FRAP methods) were conducted. Cytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblasts was assessed using MTT assays, while the expression of key antioxidant genes was evaluated in human dermal fibroblasts under oxidative stress. Skin penetration studies were performed to analyze curcumin\u2019s distribution across the stratum corneum layers. Results: All nanocarriers demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and stability over 90 days. NLCs exhibited superior long-term stability and enhanced skin penetration, while NE formulations facilitated rapid antioxidant effects. Antioxidant assays confirmed that curcumin encapsulation preserved and enhanced its bioactivity, particularly in NLCs. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of key antioxidant markers (GPX1, GPX4, SOD1, KEAP1, and NRF2) with curcumin-loaded nanocarriers under oxidative and non-oxidative conditions. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed biocompatibility across all formulations. Conclusions: Lipid nanocarriers effectively enhance curcumin\u2019s stability, antioxidant activity, and skin penetration, presenting a targeted strategy for managing oxidative stress in skin applications. Their versatility offers opportunities for tailored therapeutic formulations addressing specific skin conditions, from chronic disorders like psoriasis to acute stress responses such as sunburn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T08:46:26Z","timestamp":1737449186000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Curcumin-Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers: A Targeted Approach for Combating Oxidative Stress in Skin Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Liakopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9155-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Letsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Avgoustakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0519-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Patrinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotini N.","family":"Lamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5877-9091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Hatziantoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakai, K., and Tsuruta, D. 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