{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1790130894546,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Laboratory Animal Research Project of Shanghai","award":["23141900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23141900400"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Laboratory Animal Research Project of Shanghai","award":["mwyjyx13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["mwyjyx13"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Plan Laboratory Animal Research Project of Shanghai","award":["82172746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172746"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Young Medical and Pharmaceutical Talents Training Program of Health System of Shanghai Minhang District","award":["23141900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23141900400"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Young Medical and Pharmaceutical Talents Training Program of Health System of Shanghai Minhang District","award":["mwyjyx13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["mwyjyx13"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Young Medical and Pharmaceutical Talents Training Program of Health System of Shanghai Minhang District","award":["82172746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172746"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["23141900400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23141900400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["mwyjyx13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["mwyjyx13"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82172746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172746"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Photothermal therapy has the potential to enhance the precision and safety of oncological treatments. However, applicable photothermal agents associated with its photothermal activated immunogenic cell death remain exploiting. Methods: This study evaluates the effectiveness of IR813, a photothermal agent, combined with near-infrared (NIR) light for cancer treatment. In vitro, 4T1 cancer cells were treated with IR813 (5 \u03bcg\/mL) and exposed to NIR irradiation (1 W\/cm2) for 5 min. In vivo, after the tumor-bearing mice administered with IR813 (1 mg\/kg) and exposed to NIR irradiation (1 W\/cm2) for 10 min, the tumor volume, survival and immune activation were evaluated. Results: IR813 significantly increased the cytotoxicity of 4T1 cancer cells following near-infrared irradiation, resulting in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and immunogenic cell death. Specifically, the cell viability was reduced to 5% compared to the control group. In vivo, irradiating the accumulation of IR813 at the tumor site had the potential to mediate substantial photothermal tumor suppression, improved mouse survival, and reduced metastasis, with minimal adverse reactions. Furthermore, the immune responses stimulated by IR813-induced photothermal therapy were evidenced by increased mature dendritic cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte counts and a decrease in regulatory T cells in the spleen, tumor, and lymph nodes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that IR813-induced photothermal therapy is a promising approach for enhancing immunotherapy, directly inhibiting tumors while boosting systemic anti-cancer immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["IR813-Induced Photothermal Therapy: Leveraging Immunogenic Cell Death for Cancer Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guangwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1356-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00167","article-title":"Late Recurrence Following Early Breast Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-023-10146-7","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of breast cancer metastasis","volume":"43","author":"Thakur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.08.014","article-title":"Natural product-based nanoformulations for cancer therapy: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"69","author":"Kashyap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.12.016","article-title":"Nanomedicine in treatment of breast cancer? A challenge to conventional therapy","volume":"69","author":"Afzal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00618K","article-title":"Photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging via nanotheranostics in fighting cancer","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2018.07.005","article-title":"Nanomaterials as photothermal therapeutic agents","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00159","article-title":"Photothermal Nanomaterials: A Powerful Light-to-Heat Converter","volume":"123","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0410-2","article-title":"Clinical development and potential of photothermal and photodynamic therapies for cancer","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9816594","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/9816594","article-title":"Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy: Strategies and Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306360","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202306360","article-title":"Diradical-Featured Organic Small-Molecule Photothermal Material Based on 4,6-di(2-thienyl)thieno 3,4-c 1,2,5 thiadiazole for Photothermal Immunotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207456","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207456","article-title":"Neutrophil Camouflaged Stealth Nanovehicle for Photothermal-Induced Tumor Immunotherapy by Triggering Pyroptosis","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Rong, J., Chen, K., Huang, T., Shen, Q., Sun, P., Tang, W., and Fan, Q. (2024). Photo-Amplified Plasma Membrane Rupture by Membrane-Anchoring NIR-II Small Molecule Design for Improved Cancer Photoimmunotherapy. Angew. Chem., e202418081.","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202418081"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214134","article-title":"Imaging strategies using cyanine probes and materials for biomedical visualization of live animals","volume":"447","author":"Fei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.1021\/nn402792a","article-title":"Surface Chemistry Architecture of Silica Nanoparticles Determine the Efficiency of in Vivo Fluorescence Lymph Node Mapping","volume":"7","author":"Helle","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domena, J.B., Celebic, E., Ferreira, B.C.L.B., Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, J., Bartoli, M., Tagliaferro, A., Johnson, Q., and Chauhan, B.P.S. (2023). Investigation into Red Emission and Its Applications: Solvatochromic N-Doped Red Emissive Carbon Dots with Solvent Polarity Sensing and Solid-State Fluorescent Nanocomposite Thin Films. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041755"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006324","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202006324","article-title":"NIR Organic Dyes as Innovative Tools for Reprocessing\/Recycling of Plastics: Benefits of the Photothermal Activation in the Near-Infrared Range","volume":"31","author":"Launay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01132-2","article-title":"Immunogenic cell stress and death","volume":"23","author":"Kroemer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000337","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000337","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death","volume":"8","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"202201734","article-title":"Immunogenic Cell Death Activates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Boost the Immunotherapy Efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00946-7","article-title":"Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in anticancer immunity","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.04.025","article-title":"A 360\u00b0 view of the inflammasome: Mechanisms of activation, cell death, and diseases","volume":"186","author":"Barnett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01046-3","article-title":"Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2079-1","article-title":"A bioorthogonal system reveals antitumour immune function of pyroptosis","volume":"579","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:25Z","timestamp":1759919785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17020166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]}}}