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Traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy often present limitations in efficacy and side effects. However, immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the body\u2019s immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. This review examines the evolving landscape of cancer vaccines, differentiating between preventive and therapeutic strategies and highlighting the significance of tumor-specific antigens, including tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and neoantigens. Recent advancements in vaccine technology, particularly through nanotechnology, have resulted in the development of nanovaccines, which enhance antigen stability, optimize delivery to immune cells, and promote robust immune responses. Notably, clinical data indicate that patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors can achieve overall survival rates of approximately 34.8 months compared to just 15.7 months for traditional therapies. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, such as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity. Emerging evidence suggests that combining nanovaccines with immunomodulators may enhance therapeutic efficacy by overcoming these obstacles. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential to fully exploit the promise of nanovaccines, ultimately leading to more effective and accessible treatments for cancer patients. The future of cancer immunotherapy appears increasingly hopeful as these innovative strategies pave the way for enhanced patient outcomes and an improved quality of life in oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T05:53:22Z","timestamp":1739166802000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cancer Vaccines and Beyond: The Transformative Role of Nanotechnology in Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Violeta","family":"Delgado-Almenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Blaya-C\u00e1novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Calahorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2820-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"L\u00f3pez-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s\/n, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3853-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Gri\u00f1\u00e1n-Lis\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s\/n, 18011 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Excellence Research Unit \u201cModeling Nature\u201d (MNat), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Granados-Principal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer\/University of Granada\/Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s\/n, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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