{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T12:29:49Z","timestamp":1792931389732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ambitious Researcher Track- Review Articles by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","award":["KFU250510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU250510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin disorders are the fourth most common cause of all diseases, which affect nearly one-third of the world\u2019s population. Topical drug delivery can be effective in treating a range of skin disorders, including microbial infections, skin cancer, dermatitis, burn injury, wounds, and psoriasis. Bioadhesive nanoparticles (BNPs) can serve as an efficient topical drug delivery system as they can serve dual purposes as bioadhesives and nanocarriers, which can mediate targeted drug delivery, prolong retention time, and deepen drug penetration through skin layers. There is an increasing demand for BNP-based applications in medicine because of their various advantages, including biodegradability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and enhanced adhesive strength. A number of BNPs have already been developed and evaluated as potential topical drug delivery systems. In addition, a range of studies have already been carried out to evaluate the potential of BNPs in the treatment of various skin disorders, including atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, skin cancer, psoriasis, microbial infections, wounds, and severe burn injuries. This review article is timely and unique, because it provides an extensive and unique summary of the recent advances of BNPs in the treatment of wide-ranging skin disorders. Moreover, this review also provides a useful discussion on the bioadhesion mechanism and various biopolymers that can be used to prepare BNPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T09:36:05Z","timestamp":1739266565000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Bioadhesive Nanoparticles in Topical Drug Delivery: Advances, Applications, and Potential for Skin Disorder Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5433-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashed M.","family":"Almuqbil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar","family":"Aldhubiab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2017.07.003","article-title":"Nanofiber based drug delivery systems for skin: A promising therapeutic approach","volume":"41","author":"Kamble","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19145","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c08016","article-title":"New Insights in Topical Drug Delivery for Skin Disorders: From a Nanotechnological Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Raina","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19704","article-title":"Putting the burden of skin diseases on the global map","volume":"184","author":"Flohr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badilli, U., Gumustas, M., Uslu, B., and Ozkan, S.A. (2018). Lipid-based nanoparticles for dermal drug delivery. Organic Materials as Smart Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813663-8.00009-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.568946","article-title":"Transungual delivery of terbinafine by iontophoresis in onychomycotic nails","volume":"37","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119846703.ch5","article-title":"Bioadhesives in biomedical applications: A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.08.043","article-title":"Bio-inspired adhesive catechol-conjugated chitosan for biomedical applications: A mini review","volume":"27","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2012.691809","article-title":"Inspiration from the natural world: From bio-adhesives to bio-inspired adhesives","volume":"28","author":"Favi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2174\/156720109788680895","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of atenolol: Effect of prodrugs and iontophoresis","volume":"6","author":"Anroop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119749882.ch10","article-title":"Bioadhesive nanoformulations\u2014Concepts and preclinical studies: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2013.815194","article-title":"Bioadhesive polymers: Novel tool for drug delivery","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masareddy, R.S., Patil, A.S., and Gadad, A.P. (2021). Bioadhesive Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery System. Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119711698.ch14"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.10.003","article-title":"Prevention of rat liver fibrosis by selective targeting of hepatic stellate cells using hesperidin carriers","volume":"552","author":"Morsy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Luo, Z., Chen, T., Ouyang, Y., Xiao, L., Liang, S., Peng, Z., Liu, Y., and Deng, Y. (2022). Bioadhesive Nanoparticles for Local Drug Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042370"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2024.101792","article-title":"Multifunctional naturally derived bioadhesives: From strategic molecular design toward advanced biomedical applications","volume":"150","author":"Kharaziha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"360","article-title":"Smart bioadhesives for wound healing and closure","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.76478","article-title":"Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems","volume":"3","author":"Shaikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, K., and Malviya, R. (2020). Introduction, theories and mechanisms of bioadhesion. Bioadhes. Drug Deliv., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119640240.ch1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Shah, J., Jacob, S., Al-Dhubiab, B.E., Patel, V., Sreeharsha, N., and Shinu, P. (2021). Development of mucoadhesive buccal film for rizatriptan: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050728"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110827","article-title":"Structure-function and application of plant lectins in disease biology and immunity","volume":"134","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121037","article-title":"A review: Gelatine as a bioadhesive material for medical and pharmaceutical applications","volume":"608","author":"Ahmady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.015","article-title":"Bioadhesives and bioactive hydrogels for wound management","volume":"379","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.062","article-title":"Mucoadhesive Multiparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: An Extensive Review of Patents","volume":"9","author":"Komati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.024","article-title":"Mucoadhesive carriers for oral drug delivery","volume":"351","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tighe, B.J., and Mann, A. (2011). Sulphonated biomaterials as glycosaminoglycan mimics in wound healing. Advanced Wound Repair Therapies, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093301.2.321"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhailov, O.V. (2023). Gelatin as It Is: History and Modernity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043583"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.07.002","article-title":"Gelatin-alginate novel tissue adhesives and their formulation-strength effects","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2020.102749","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of gelatin-gallic acid\/ZnO nanocomposite with antibacterial properties as a promising multi-functional bioadhesive for wound dressing applications","volume":"104","author":"Betancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"411","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafernik, K., \u0141adniak, A., Blicharska, E., Czarnek, K., Ekiert, H., Wi\u0105cek, A.E., and Szopa, A. (2023). Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles as Effective Drug Delivery Systems-A review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041963"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.03.021","article-title":"Genipin-crosslinked chitosan\/poly-L-lysine gels promote fibroblast adhesion and proliferation","volume":"108","author":"Mekhail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akrawi, S.H., Gorain, B., Nair, A.B., Choudhury, H., Pandey, M., Shah, J.N., and Venugopala, K.N. (2020). Development and optimization of naringenin-loaded chitosan-coated nanoemulsion for topical therapy in wound healing. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090893"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.034","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, size evolution and stability","volume":"455","author":"Rampino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-018-9312-6","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of chitosan-based buccal bioadhesive films of zolmitriptan","volume":"13","author":"Kumria","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Innov."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dandamudi, M., McLoughlin, P., Behl, G., Rani, S., Coffey, L., Chauhan, A., Kent, D., and Fitzhenry, L. (2021). Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Encapsulating Triamcinolone Acetonide as a Potential Candidate for Sustained Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101590"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11321","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S485588","article-title":"Collagen-Based Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System in Wound Healing Applications","volume":"19","author":"Kusnadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2020.1853280","article-title":"Curcumin nanoparticles incorporated in PVA\/collagen composite films promote wound healing","volume":"27","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907914","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1907914","article-title":"Application of Fish Collagen-Nanochitosan-Henna Extract Composites for the Control of Skin Pathogens and Accelerating Wound Healing","volume":"2021","author":"Tayel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02477D","article-title":"Albumin conjugates and assemblies as versatile bio-functional additives and carriers for biomedical applications","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201200332","article-title":"Design strategies and applications of tissue bioadhesives","volume":"13","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Yu, X., Martinez, E.E., Zhu, J., Wang, T., Shi, S., Shin, S.R., Hassan, S., and Guo, C. (2022). Emerging Biopolymer-Based Bioadhesives. Macromol. Biosci., 22.","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202100340"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2020.101221","article-title":"Development, processing and applications of bio-sourced cellulose nanocrystal composites","volume":"103","author":"Calvino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104991","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104991","article-title":"Nanocellulose-based functional materials: From chiral photonics to soft actuator and energy storage","volume":"31","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, H.N., and Mathew, A.P. (2022). Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials Advance Biomedicine: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105405"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6552","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202002017","article-title":"Grafting Nature-Inspired and Bio-Based Phenolic Esters onto Cellulose Nanocrystals Gives Biomaterials with Photostable Anti-UV Properties","volume":"13","author":"Mouterde","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2010.509361","article-title":"Effect of permeation enhancers on the iontophoretic transport of metoprolol tartrate and the drug retention in skin","volume":"18","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.12.021","article-title":"Bioadhesion, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility evaluation bacterial cellulose based silver nanoparticle bioactive composite films","volume":"137","author":"Ciftci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1039\/C1RA00955A","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles for dental maintenance treatment: Combination of mineralising and antibacterial effects","volume":"2","author":"Kovtun","year":"2012","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201300380","article-title":"Novel on-demand bioadhesion to soft tissue in wet environments","volume":"14","author":"Mogal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.01.002","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of insulin-loaded bioadhesive PLGA nanoparticles for oral administration","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.02.018","article-title":"Synthetic long peptide-based vaccine formulations for induction of cell mediated immunity: A comparative study of cationic liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles","volume":"226","author":"Varypataki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2021.1917715","article-title":"Putative mechanism for cancer suppression by PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Peganum harmala smoke extract","volume":"38","author":"Shabestarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02917-4","article-title":"PLGA Nanoparticles Based Mucoadhesive Nasal In Situ Gel for Enhanced Brain Delivery of Topiramate","volume":"25","author":"Tanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-015-0445-3","article-title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Optimization of Folic Acid-Chitosan-Methotrexate Core-Shell Nanoparticles by Box-Behnken Design for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Ghaffarzadegan","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Cano, C., and Carril, M. (2020). Recent Developments in the Design of Non-Biofouling Coatings for Nanoparticles and Surfaces. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031007"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fam, S.Y., Chee, C.F., Yong, C.Y., Ho, K.L., Mariatulqabtiah, A.R., and Tan, W.S. (2020). Stealth Coating of Nanoparticles in Drug-Delivery Systems. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040787"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T., Yamaguchi, S., Soga, D., Yoshimoto, T., and Koyama, Y. (2022). Preparation of a Bioadhesive Poly(Acrylic Acid)\/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Complex Gel and Its Clinical Effect on Dental Hemostasis. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8080462"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400794","article-title":"Magnetically Targeted Nanocapsules for PAA-Cisplatin-Conjugated Cores in PVA\/SPIO Shells via Surfactant-Free Emulsion for Reduced Nephrotoxicity and Enhanced Lung Cancer Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2835","article-title":"Cisplatin-incorporated nanoparticles of poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) copolymer","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Guo, J., Li, B., Li, D., Meng, Z., and Sun, S.K. (2021). Biocompatible therapeutic albumin\/genipin bioglue for postoperative wound adhesion and residual tumor ablation. Biomaterials, 279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121179"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Su, S., Fan, J., Lin, J., and Wang, X. (2022). Engineered electrospun poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)\/Si3N4 nanofiber scaffold promotes osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cell. Front. Mater., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2022.991018"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e738","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.738","article-title":"Robust tetra-armed poly (ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel as tissue bioadhesive for the efficient repair of meniscus tears","volume":"5","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12424","article-title":"The relationship between skin function, barrier properties, and body-dependent factors","volume":"24","author":"Spano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, T.M., Nair, A.B., Al-Dhubiab, B.E., Shah, J., Jacob, S., Alhaider, I.A., Attimarad, M., Elsewedy, H.S., and Ibrahim, M.M. (2020). Vesicular emulgel based system for transdermal delivery of insulin: Factorial design and in vivo evaluation. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155341"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24908","article-title":"Comparison of vertebrate skin structure at class level: A review","volume":"305","author":"Akat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krapohl, D.J., and Shaw, P.K. (2015). Chapter 2\u2014Anatomy and physiology for polygraph examiners. Fundamentals of Polygraph Practice, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802924-4.00005-0"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00266-6","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: An expanding therapeutic pipeline for a complex disease","volume":"21","author":"Bieber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowska, K., Nowaczyk, J., Blicharz, L., Wa\u015bkiel-Burnat, A., Czuwara, J., Olszewska, M., and Rudnicka, L. (2023). Immunopathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis: Focus on Interleukins as Disease Drivers and Therapeutic Targets for Novel Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010781"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-018-0480-1","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-modified betamethasone encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterisation, in vitro release kinetics, and dermal targeting","volume":"9","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06314","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Corticosteroids","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.06.006","article-title":"Nanoparticles enhance therapeutic outcome in inflamed skin therapy","volume":"82","author":"Moulari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.014","article-title":"Development of methotrexate loaded fucoidan\/chitosan nanoparticles with anti-inflammatory potential and enhanced skin permeation","volume":"124","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhelal, H.M., Mehta, S., Kadian, V., Kakkar, V., Tanwar, H., Rao, R., Aldhubiab, B., Sreeharsha, N., Shinu, P., and Nair, A.B. (2023). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Embedded Hydrogels as a Promising Carrier for Retarding Irritation of Leflunomide. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9070576"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3031377","article-title":"Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier","volume":"3","author":"Makadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36305","article-title":"Intestinal organoids containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"106","author":"Davoudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2017.2407","article-title":"Synthesis and In Vitro Characterization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-CBA-Doxorubicin Conjugate Nanoparticles as pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4436","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.1c00021","article-title":"Hydrogels containing budesonide-loaded nanoparticles to facilitate percutaneous absorption for atopic dermatitis treatment applications","volume":"3","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"713","article-title":"Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis\u2014Skin lesion characteristics","volume":"57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-021-00351-4","article-title":"Irritant Contact Dermatitis\u2014A Review","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.05.098","article-title":"Chitosan-hyaluronic acid composite sponge scaffold enriched with Andrographolide-loaded lipid nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing","volume":"173","author":"Sanad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1211","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles-based topical delivery systems for the treatment of dermatological diseases","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121080","article-title":"Design of long acting invasomal nanovesicles for improved transdermal permeation and bioavailability of asenapine maleate for the chronic treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"608","author":"Geneidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.04.060","article-title":"Mucoadhesive nanoparticles for prolonged ocular delivery of natamycin: In vitro and pharmacokinetics studies","volume":"432","author":"Bhatta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"How, K.N., Yap, W.H., Lim, C.L.H., Goh, B.H., and Lai, Z.W. (2020). Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Drug Delivery System Targeting for Inflammatory Skin Diseases: A Mini Review. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01105"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsegaie, D., El-Nabarawi, M.A., Mahmoud, H.A., Teaima, M., and Louis, D. (2023). A Comparative Study on Cyclodextrin Derivatives in Improving Oral Bioavailability of Etoricoxib as a Model Drug: Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion-Based Fast-Dissolving Tablets. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092440"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuelella, K.E., Abd-Allah, H., Soliman, S.M., and Abdel-Mottaleb, M.M.A. (2023). Skin targeting by chitosan\/hyaluronate hybrid nanoparticles for the management of irritant contact dermatitis: In vivo therapeutic efficiency in mouse-ear dermatitis model. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123458"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116649","article-title":"Nanotechnology-empowered strategies in treatment of skin cancer","volume":"235","author":"Chandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01854-3","article-title":"Skin cancer: Understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches","volume":"22","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Dalal, P., Kadian, V., Kumar, S., Kapoor, A., Garg, M., Rao, R., Aldhubiab, B., Sreeharsha, N., and Almuqbil, R.M. (2022). Formulation, Characterization, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity Study of Sesamol-Laden Nanosponges. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12234211"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.56.4.170","article-title":"Recent Advances and Appropriate use of Niosomes for the Treatment of Skin Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Shinu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-016-0165-y","article-title":"Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"7","author":"Apalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didona, D., Paolino, G., Bottoni, U., and Cantisani, C. (2018). Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010006"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe6627","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe6627","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid conjugates for topical treatment of skin cancer lesions","volume":"7","author":"Krishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11453","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523141113","article-title":"Improved i.p. drug delivery with bioadhesive nanoparticles","volume":"113","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15322","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15322","article-title":"Surface chemistry governs cellular tropism of nanoparticles in the brain","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4422","article-title":"A sunblock based on bioadhesive nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.09.023","article-title":"Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications","volume":"71","author":"Svenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020575118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020575118","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of skin cancer with local delivery of bioadhesive nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61909-7","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"386","author":"Boehncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105211","article-title":"Enhanced transdermal delivery of apremilast loaded ethosomes: Optimization, characterization and in vivo evaluation","volume":"91","author":"Alfehaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S461514","article-title":"Recent Advancements and Trends of Topical Drug Delivery Systems in Psoriasis: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"19","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.05.010","article-title":"Fucoxanthin and lipid metabolism: A minireview","volume":"25","author":"Muradian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. NMCD"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118487","article-title":"The role of chitosan as coating material for nanostructured lipid carriers for skin delivery of fucoxanthin","volume":"567","author":"Faccendini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_99_18","article-title":"Topical Antibacterials in Dermatology","volume":"66","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.4c00123","article-title":"Degradation-Dependent Self-Release Hydrogel with over Three Months of Antioxidation and Anti-inflammation for Osteoporotic Bone Repair","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c01513","article-title":"Catechol homopolymers and networks through postpolymerization modification","volume":"55","author":"Grignon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18367","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b04858","article-title":"A Bioadhesive Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Hybrid System for Localized Antimicrobial Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.04.004","article-title":"Overview of Silk Fibroin Use in Wound Dressings","volume":"36","author":"Farokhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Gorain, B., Pandey, M., Jacob, S., Shinu, P., Aldhubiab, B., Almuqbil, R.M., Elsewedy, H.S., and Morsy, M.A. (2022). Tocotrienol in the Treatment of Topical Wounds: Recent Updates. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112479"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2018.07.007","article-title":"Smart Bandages: The Future of Wound Care","volume":"36","author":"Derakhshandeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150992","article-title":"Engineered bioadhesive Self-Healing nanocomposite hydrogel to fight infection and accelerate cutaneous wound healing","volume":"489","author":"Hamishehkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.05.025","article-title":"Ultra-stretchable, tissue-adhesive, shape-adaptive, self-healing, on-demand removable hydrogel dressings with multiple functions for infected wound healing in regions of high mobility","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000322643","article-title":"Antioxidant therapies for wound healing: A clinical guide to currently commercially available products","volume":"24","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102601","article-title":"Wound healing potential of insulin-loaded nanoemulsion with Aloe vera gel in diabetic rats","volume":"64","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12486","article-title":"Oral administration of antioxidants improves skin wound healing in diabetic mice","volume":"24","author":"Pessoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13299","article-title":"Nano-hydrogel embedded with quercetin and oleic acid as a new formulation in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Gallelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.168","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers containing chitosan or sodium alginate for co-encapsulation of antioxidants and an antimicrobial agent for potential application in wound healing","volume":"183","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.198","article-title":"Theranostic nanomedicine of gold nanoclusters: An emerging platform for cancer diagnosis and therapy","volume":"11","author":"Muthu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00110","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3466","article-title":"Skin Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"100","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestergaard, M., Frees, D., and Ingmer, H. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance and the MRSA Problem. Microbiol. Spectr., 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0057-2018"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0470","article-title":"Dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines: Emerging trends and advances in lung cancer therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Vikas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, C., Mehata, A.K., Tiwari, P., Setia, A., Malik, A.K., Singh, S.K., Tilak, R., and Muthu, M.S. (2023). Design of novel bioadhesive chitosan film loaded with bimetallic gold-silver nanoparticles for antibiofilm and wound healing activity. Biomed. Mater., 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/acb89b"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.010","article-title":"Click chemistry improved wet adhesion strength of mussel-inspired citrate-based antimicrobial bioadhesives","volume":"112","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16023350","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols in prevention and treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"16","author":"Lall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2115","article-title":"Direct scaffolding of biomimetic hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposites using aminosilane cross-linker for bone regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900046","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201900046","article-title":"Adhesive Hemostatic Conducting Injectable Composite Hydrogels with Sustained Drug Release and Photothermal Antibacterial Activity to Promote Full-Thickness Skin Regeneration During Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54143","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c12622","article-title":"In Situ Metal Deposition on Perhydropolysilazane-Derived Silica for Structural Color Surfaces with Antiviral Activity","volume":"15","author":"Burak","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0963","article-title":"A Critical Update of the Assessment and Acute Management of Patients with Severe Burns","volume":"8","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0145-5","article-title":"Burn injury","volume":"6","author":"Jeschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i36","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043299","article-title":"Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: Global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irae049","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Severe Burn Injuries: New Therapeutic Opportunities From a Systems Perspective","volume":"45","author":"Dobson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2021.07.041","article-title":"Gender-based disparities in burn injuries, care and outcomes: A World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burn Registry cohort study","volume":"223","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.10.025","article-title":"Skin regeneration: The complexities of translation into clinical practise","volume":"56","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002282","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Allograft Skin in Burn Care","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15703","article-title":"Recombinant human ADAMTS13 treatment and anti-NET strategies enhance skin allograft survival in mice","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123742","article-title":"Novel approach for enhancing skin allograft survival by bioadhesive nanoparticles loaded with rapamycin","volume":"651","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.019","article-title":"TOR, the Gateway to Cellular Metabolism, Cell Growth, and Disease","volume":"171","author":"Blenis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01798A","article-title":"PD-L1 cellular nanovesicles carrying rapamycin inhibit alloimmune responses in transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Tian, J., Mao, H., and Gu, Z. (2021). Bioadhesives: Current hotspots and emerging challenges. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2021.100271"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1760027436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/2\/229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17020229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]}}}