{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1792593723595,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022020801020376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022020801020376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010888","name":"Wuhan Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010888","name":"Wuhan Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022020801020376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022020801020376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a leading cause of low back pain (LBP) and neurological dysfunction, contributing significantly to disability-adjusted life years globally. The progression of IDD is driven by excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, which disrupt the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes, leading to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and IDD. Current treatment options, such as conservative therapy and surgical intervention, are limited in halting the disease progression and often exacerbate degeneration in adjacent discs. This review highlights the challenges in treating IDD, particularly due to the limited drug delivery efficiency to the intervertebral disc (IVD). It explores the potential of nanobiomedicine and various nanomaterial-based delivery systems, including nanoparticles, microspheres, gene-nanocomplexes, fullerene, exosomes, and nanomaterial-composite hydrogels. These advanced delivery systems can enhance targeted drug delivery, improve local drug concentration, and sustain drug retention within the IVD, offering promising therapeutic strategies to address IDD. The review also examines the therapeutic effects of these nanomaterials on IDD, focusing on their impact on metabolism, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and stem cell migration and differentiation, aiming to provide innovative strategies for intervertebral disc regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1740975042000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nanomedicine Approaches for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: From Bench to Bedside"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5329-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, the Fifth Hospital of Wuhan, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangning","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2986-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songwei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00568-w","article-title":"Cell-based strategies for IVD repair: Clinical progress and translational obstacles","volume":"17","author":"Binch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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