{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:55:32Z","timestamp":1788404132180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU HORIZON-WIDERA-2021-ACCESS-03-01 program: \u201cTwinning for Promoting Excellence, Ability and Knowledge to develop novel approaches for targeting inflammatory and degenerative age-related joint diseases\u201d","award":["101079489\u2014TWINFLAG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101079489\u2014TWINFLAG"]}]},{"name":"EU HORIZON-WIDERA-2021-ACCESS-03-01 program: \u201cTwinning for Promoting Excellence, Ability and Knowledge to develop novel approaches for targeting inflammatory and degenerative age-related joint diseases\u201d","award":["953138\u2014EMAPS-Cardio"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953138\u2014EMAPS-Cardio"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund project according to Horizon2020 programe\u2014ElectroMechanoActive Polymer-based Scaffolds for Heart-on-Chip (EMAPS-Cardio)","award":["101079489\u2014TWINFLAG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101079489\u2014TWINFLAG"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund project according to Horizon2020 programe\u2014ElectroMechanoActive Polymer-based Scaffolds for Heart-on-Chip (EMAPS-Cardio)","award":["953138\u2014EMAPS-Cardio"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953138\u2014EMAPS-Cardio"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) and interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) are key regulators of the chondrogenic differentiation, physiology and pathology of cartilage tissue, with TGF-\u03b2 promoting chondrogenesis and matrix formation, while IL-1\u03b2 exerts catabolic effects, inhibiting chondrogenesis and contributing to cartilage degradation. Both cytokines alter the intracellular calcium ion (iCa2+) levels; however, the exact pathways are not known. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of TGF-\u03b23 and IL-1\u03b2 on calcium homeostasis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) and chondrocytes during chondrogenesis. Results: TGF-\u03b23 increased iCa2+ levels in both hBM-MSCs and chondrocytes. Furthermore, TGF-\u03b23 increased the functional activity of L-type voltage-operated calcium channels (L-VOCCs) in hBM-MSCs but not in chondrocytes. TGF-\u03b23 and IL-1\u03b2 reduced L-VOCCs subunit CaV1.2 (CACNA1C) gene expression in chondrocytes. In hBM-MSCs, TGF-\u03b23 and IL-1\u03b2 increased SERCA pump (ATP2A2) gene expression, while in chondrocytes, this effect was observed only with TGF-\u03b23. Conclusions: TGF-\u03b23 increases iCa2+ both in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and hBM-MSCs during chondrogenesis. In hBM-MSCs, TGF-\u03b23-mediated elevation in iCa2+ is related to the increased functional activity of L-VOCCs. IL-1\u03b2 does not change iCa2+ in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and hBM-MSCs; however, it initiates the mechanisms leading to further downregulation of iCa2+ in both types of cells. The differential and cell-specific roles of TGF-\u03b23 and IL-1\u03b2 in the calcium homeostasis of osteoarthritic chondrocytes and hBM-MSCs during chondrogenesis may provide a new insight into future strategies for cartilage repair and osteoarthritis treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1741331146000},"page":"343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effect of TGF-\u03b23 and IL-1\u03b2 on L-Type Voltage-Operated Calcium Channels and Calcium Ion Homeostasis in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes and Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Chondrogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6233-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Shelest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4467-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidas","family":"Alaburda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raminta","family":"Vaiciuleviciute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-9163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Uzieliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9491-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Bialaglovyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiva","family":"Bernotiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"VilniusTech Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzavlaki, K., and Moustakas, A. 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