{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:16:44Z","timestamp":1777864604560,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["PRG1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMVFA22189"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council","award":["1232466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1232466"]}]},{"name":"CurifyLabs","award":["PRG1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903"]}]},{"name":"CurifyLabs","award":["VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMVFA22189"]}]},{"name":"CurifyLabs","award":["1232466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1232466"]}]},{"name":"European Union in the MSCA4Ukraine project","award":["PRG1903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903"]}]},{"name":"European Union in the MSCA4Ukraine project","award":["VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VMVFA22189"]}]},{"name":"European Union in the MSCA4Ukraine project","award":["1232466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1232466"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is one of the most widespread species of the genus Solidago from the Asteraceae family. It has a rich composition of biologically active compounds and is traditionally used to address kidney, urinary tract, and liver diseases. Previously, it was proven that the S. canadensis extract obtained with a 40% ethanol solution had the most promising anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity. Therefore, this extract was selected for the further formulation of amino acid preparations and 3D-printed dosage forms. The aims of the present study were to investigate the chemical composition, toxicity, and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activity of S. canadensis dry extract, its amino acid preparations, and 3D-printed dosage forms. Results: A total of 18 phenolic compounds and 14 amino acids were determined in the extracts. The S. canadensis herb extracts were verified to be practically non-toxic preparations (toxicity class V, LD\u2085\u2080 &gt; 5000 mg\/kg). They also showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and \u03b2-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes. The most pronounced hepatoprotective activity was observed with S. canadensis herb extract and its amino acid preparations with phenylalanine, alanine, and lysine at a dose of 25 mg\/kg body weight. The most pronounced anti-inflammatory activity was found with S. canadensis herb extract and its preparation with arginine. According to the calculated docking score array and the analysis of binding modes in the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2, the flavonoid fraction and caffeic acid in the S. canadensis extracts presented moderate inhibitory activity. Conclusions: The development of innovative 3D-printed oral dosage forms represents a promising strategy to formulate dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations for these herbal extracts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1742824100000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Solidago canadensis L. Herb Extract, Its Amino Acids Preparations and 3D-Printed Dosage Forms: Phytochemical, Technological, Molecular Docking and Pharmacological Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Koshovyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Nurtricioligy, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yurii","family":"Hrytsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Management, Drug Technology and Pharmacognosy, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Perekhoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marharyta","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7627-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdas","family":"Jak\u0161tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaidotas","family":"\u017dvikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0338-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyubov","family":"Grytsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Postgraduate Education, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Yurchyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyrki","family":"Hein\u00e4m\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ain","family":"Raal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-015-0955-7","article-title":"Impacts of Solidago Gigantea on Other Species at Home and Away","volume":"17","author":"Pal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. 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