{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:56:34Z","timestamp":1782978994065,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss in clumps about the size and shape of a quarter. The estimated prevalence of the disorder is approximately 1 in 1000 people, with a lifetime risk of approximately 2 percent. One of the systemic therapies for alopecia areata consists of the use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants. Methods: Baricitinib (BCT) is a Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 selective inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant drug. In this study, three olive oil BCT formulations (Oil A, Oil B, and Oil C, which differ in their content in squalene, tocopherol, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol) have been developed for topical delivery. The formulations were physicochemically characterized and the in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation through human skin tissues were assessed. Results: The results showed nearly identical viscosity across all three formulations, exhibiting Newtonian behavior. The mathematical modeling used to describe the drug release profiles was the one-site binding hyperbola for all formulations. Oil-based formulations showed a slow BCT penetration into human skin. Skin integrity remained intact during the experiments, with no signs of irritation or alterations observed. In addition, all the formulations proved their efficacy in vivo. Conclusions: Among the formulations, Oil A demonstrated the highest ability retention capacity (Qr = 1875 \u00b1 124.32 ng\/cm2) in the skin, making it an excellent candidate for further investigation in the treatment of alopecia areata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T05:59:00Z","timestamp":1744091940000},"page":"475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Olive Oil-Based Formulations Loaded with Baricitinib for Topical Treatment of Alopecia Areata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negar","family":"Beirampour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mireia","family":"Mallandrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9453-9191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Bustos-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9366-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeri","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Garr\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4799-6362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roya","family":"Mohammadi-Meyabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Clares-Naveros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento Farmacia y Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Nuria","family":"Romero-Olid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estomatolog\u00eda, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de Granada, Colegio M\u00e1ximo, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Girbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7870-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Su\u00f1er-Carb\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.427","article-title":"Genetic Variants in CTLA4 Are Strongly Associated with Alopecia Areata","volume":"131","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.014","article-title":"The Autoimmune Basis of Alopecia Areata: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"14","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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