{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:57:43Z","timestamp":1790420263544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumors that necessitate innovative therapeutic approaches. Nanomedicine has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance radiation therapy by improving drug delivery, radiosensitization, and real-time treatment monitoring. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles can overcome limitations of the blood\u2013brain barrier, modulate tumor microenvironment, and facilitate targeted therapeutic interventions. The integration of nanotechnology with proton and X-ray radiotherapy offers improved dose precision, enhanced radiosensitization, and adaptive treatment strategies. Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence-driven nanoparticle designs are optimizing therapeutic outcomes by tailoring formulations to tumor-specific characteristics. While promising, clinical translation remains a challenge that requires rigorous validation to ensure safety and efficacy. This review highlights advancements in nanomedicine-enhanced radiotherapy and future directions for glioblastoma multiforme treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1744365951000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Nanomedicine-Enhanced Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma: Advances in Targeted Therapy and Adaptive Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Rawoj\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, 31-115 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4634-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoor M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein, New York, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Mukhtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seneca Valley High School, Germantown, MD 20874, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141ukowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3217-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Kisielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, 31-115 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1367","article-title":"Exploiting Tumour Hypoxia in Cancer Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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