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We evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of PTN against Candida tropicalis biofilms under actinic irradiation, its role in O2\u2022\u2212 and 1O2 production, and the cellular stress response. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PTN was determined in C. tropicalis NCPF 3111 under dark and actinic light conditions. Biofilm susceptibility was assessed at MIC\/2, MIC, MICx2, MICx4, and MICx6 in the same conditions, and viability was measured by colony-forming units. Photodynamic mechanisms were examined using Tiron (O2\u2022\u2212 scavenger) or sodium azide (1O2 quencher). O2\u2022\u2212 production was measured by the nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction and nitric oxide (NO) generation by Griess assay. Total antioxidant capacity was studied by FRAP (Ferrous Reduction Antioxidant Potency) assay and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by NBT assay. Results: Photoexcitation of PTN reduced C. tropicalis biofilm viability by four logs at MICx2. Sodium azide partially reversed the effect, whereas Tiron fully inhibited it, indicating the critical role of O2\u2022\u2212. PTN also increased O2\u2022\u2212 and NO levels, enhancing SOD activity and FRAP. However, this antioxidant response was insufficient to prevent biofilm photoinactivation. Conclusions: Photoinactivation of C. tropicalis biofilms by PTN is primarily mediated by O2\u2022\u2212, with a minor contribution from 1O2 and an imbalance in NO levels. These findings suggest PTN is a promising photosensitizer for antifungal photodynamic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T06:38:37Z","timestamp":1745390317000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Natural Anthraquinone Parietin Inactivates Candida tropicalis Biofilm by Photodynamic Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Marioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Bionanotecnolog\u00eda del NOA (INBIONATEC), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero\u2014CONICET, RN9, Km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca C.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"CONICET, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma. Laura","family":"Mugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C\u00f3rdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires 1120AAF, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J. M. Vanella\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas I.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"CONICET, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J. M. Vanella\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1321-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas M. N.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bionanotecnolog\u00eda del NOA (INBIONATEC), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero\u2014CONICET, RN9, Km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda S.","family":"Konigheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J. M. Vanella\u201d, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio D.","family":"Borsarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bionanotecnolog\u00eda del NOA (INBIONATEC), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero\u2014CONICET, RN9, Km 1125, Santiago del Estero G4206XCP, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2030-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C.","family":"Nu\u00f1ez-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"},{"name":"CONICET, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo en Tecnolog\u00eda Farmac\u00e9utica (UNITEFA), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba X5000HUA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: Impacts, Challenges, and Future Prospects","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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