{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:39:07Z","timestamp":1772761147678,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital Research Fund","award":["2021: 2021-S2-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021: 2021-S2-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease that requires more convenient, safe, and effective therapy. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Forkhead box protein3 (Foxp3) introduced with poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (Foxp3 NPs) in an AR mouse model. Methods: A murine model of allergic rhinitis was established using BALB\/c mice through initial sensitization by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin (OVA), followed by repeated intranasal OVA challenges. Foxp3 plasmid-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were subsequently administered via either the intranasal or intraperitoneal route to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. Episodes of sneezing and nose rubbing were counted. The serum total IgE, OVA-specific IgE, and cytokine levels in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) were determined by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay). Nasal mucosa from each group were analyzed using protein, reverse transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and histological analyses. Result: Rubbing and sneezing symptoms improved in the Foxp3 NPs intranasal administration group. Foxp3 NPs intranasal administration markedly ameliorated OVA-induced nasal allergic inflammation. The total IgE and OVA-specific IgE serum level and IL-4, IL-13 expression levels of NALF were significantly decreased in the treated Foxp3 NPs group. The histopathological results of nasal mucosa were also normal, with no cellular infiltration and no inflammation in the Foxp3 NPs group. Conclusions: These results suggest that Foxp3 NPs alleviate nasal allergic inflammation and may have therapeutic value in the treatment of AR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intranasal Application of Foxp3 Introduced with Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles (Foxp3 NPs) Attenuates Allergic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Allergic Rhinitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Cheol","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunhee","family":"Yeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SKINMED R&D Center, Daejeon 34037, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejeen","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-536X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sookyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.003","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: An updated practice parameter","volume":"122","author":"Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2500\/aap2008.29.3072","article-title":"Pediatric allergic rhinitis: Physical and mental complications","volume":"29","author":"Blaiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.137","article-title":"Human FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells: Their knowns and unknowns","volume":"89","author":"Miyara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.023","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cells and FOXP3 in human diseases","volume":"120","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000301575","article-title":"Induction of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+IL-10+ T cells in HDM-allergic asthmatic children with or without SIT","volume":"153","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0162","article-title":"Epigenetics and allergy: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Daniel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2023.2166527","article-title":"Luteolin restored Treg\/Th17 balance to ameliorate allergic rhinitis in a mouse model","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Sun, B., Gao, X., Liu, S., Hao, R., and Han, B. (2020). Chitosan Hydrogel Doped with PEG-PLA Nanoparticles for the Local Delivery of miRNA-146a to Treat Allergic Rhinitis. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12100907"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., Jung, M.-A., Hwang, Y.-H., Pyun, B.-J., Lee, J.Y., Jung, D.H., Ji, K.-Y., and Kim, T. (2021). Anti-allergic effects of Asarum heterotropoides on an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis murine model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111944"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189133","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2023.2189133","article-title":"Quercetin improves the imbalance of Th1\/Th2 cells and Treg\/Th17 cells to attenuate allergic rhinitis","volume":"56","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4925","article-title":"Der p2-A20 DNA vaccine attenuates allergic inflammation in mice with allergic rhinitis","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.039","article-title":"Histamine and T helper cytokine-driven epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic rhinitis","volume":"141","author":"Steelant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2020.1750009","article-title":"Nanomedicine-mediated prevention of inflammatory monocytes infiltration ameliorate ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mouse model","volume":"53","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v51i3.819","article-title":"Study on anti-inflammatory effect of peptides-conjugated alumina nanoparticle on allergic rhinitis mice model","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, J.U., Kuriakose, A., Iyer, R., Hernandez, E., Gandee, L., Zhang, S., Takahashi, M., Zhang, Z., Saha, D., and Nguyen, K.T. (2017). Dual-Drug Containing Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer Therapy. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13320-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.07.010","article-title":"Single oral dose of cannabinoid derivate loaded PLGA nanocarriers relieves neuropathic pain for eleven days","volume":"13","author":"Berrocoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.10.3044","article-title":"Rho proteins and the p38-MAPK pathway are important mediators for LPS-induced interleukin-8 expression in human endothelial cells","volume":"95","author":"Hippenstiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22639","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.125906","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoparticles delivering small interfering RNA and doxorubicin overcome drug resistance in cancer","volume":"285","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, H.J., Park, H., Shin, N., Kwon, H.H., Yin, Y., Hwang, J.-A., Kim, S.I., Kim, S.R., Kim, S., and Joo, Y. (2020). p47phox siRNA-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Suppress ROS\/Oxidative Stress-Induced Chondrocyte Damage in Osteoarthritis. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12020443"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-K., Jin, Y.-D., Park, Y.-K., Yeon, S.-H., Xu, J., Han, R.-N., Rha, K.-S., and Kim, Y.-M. (2017). IL-25-induced activation of nasal fibroblast and its association with the remodeling of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181806"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2015.7.2.148","article-title":"Prevalence of allergic rhinitis among adults in urban and rural areas of China: A population-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240401800106","article-title":"Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4215","article-title":"Intranasal spray medications for maintenance therapy of allergic rhinitis","volume":"29","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.90876","article-title":"A review on mucoadhesive polymer used in nasal drug delivery system","volume":"2","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(02)02452-2","article-title":"Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Arora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21579","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppresses allergic rhinitis and amplifies CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/5\/575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:37Z","timestamp":1760030557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/5\/575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17050575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050575","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]}}}