{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:56:42Z","timestamp":1791565002879,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara","award":["14082\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14082\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Scald burns pose significant morbidity, and effective topical treatments remain a clinical priority. Burn injuries pose a significant clinical challenge due to the prolonged inflammation and high infection risk. Traditional treatments focus on moisture retention and infection prevention, but biocompatible formulations such as hydrogels and oleogels offer advantages. Hydrogels hydrate, cool, and promote epidermal regeneration, while oleogels form a lipid barrier that enhances the absorption of lipophilic bioactive compounds. There is an increasing demand for novel topical alternatives that can effectively improve wound healing by modulating the inflammatory cascade, accelerating epithelial and dermal regeneration, and restoring barrier function. Objective: This study aimed to determine the most effective plant-based topical formulations for enhancing second-degree scald burn wound healing. Methods: Utilizing a standardized rat model, we compared 21 distinct topical formulations, consisting of oleogel and hydrogel bases enriched with extracts from Boswellia serrata (frankincense), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Sambucus nigra flower (elderflower), and Galium verum (lady\u2019s bedstraw). Second-degree burns were uniformly induced in 24 Wistar rats using boiling water (100 \u00b0C for 8 s) using the RAPID-3D device, a validated 3D-printed tool that ensures reproducible burns through controlled exposure to boiling water. Post-burn, rats were divided into three equal subgroups, and topical formulations were applied daily. Wound healing efficacy was evaluated through wound surface area measurements, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, sebum production, pigmentation, inflammation (erythema), skin perfusion, and histological parameters at multiple timepoints (days 1, 4, 9, 14, and 21 post-burn induction). Results: Statistical analyses indicated significant advantages of oleogel-based formulations over hydrogel-based formulations. Specifically, formulations containing Boswellia serrata and Ocimum basilicum extracts significantly reduced wound size and inflammation, improved skin hydration, and decreased melanin production by days 9 and 21 (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential clinical value of oleogel-based topical preparations containing specific plant extracts for improving scald burn wound healing outcomes, warranting further clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Wound Healing Properties of Plant-Based Hydrogel and Oleogel Formulations in a Rat Scald Burn Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Oana Janina","family":"Ro\u0219ca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, Department I Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-5858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Nistor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Department, University Hospital UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0555-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgeta Hermina","family":"Coneac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Formulation and Technology of Drug Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana Viorica","family":"Olariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Formulation and Technology of Drug Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Cotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Formulation and Technology of Drug Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Racoviceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7634-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Rodica","family":"Heredea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, Department I Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Advanced Cardiology and Hemostaseology Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelin","family":"Ciudoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of General Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Didea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eduard Pamfil Psychiatry Clinic, Pius Branzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camelia Mihaela","family":"Lupou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Borcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Hoinoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Practical Skills, Department I Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Adriana","family":"Dehelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia Lia","family":"Vlaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Formulation and Technology of Drug Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codru\u021ba Marinela","family":"\u0218oica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology-Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zeng, Y., and Tian, F. (2022). Developing a Third-Degree Burn Model of Rats Using the Delphi Method. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18092-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.03.005","article-title":"Aetiology of Adult Burns Treated from 2000 to 2012 in a Swiss University Hospital","volume":"42","author":"Moser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Local Resiniferatoxin Induces Long-Lasting Analgesia in a Rat Model of Full Thickness Thermal Injury","volume":"18","author":"Salas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e274","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e31827a2be1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Thymo-Quinone Treatment on Wound Healing in a Rat Burn Model","volume":"34","author":"Durgun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709628","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/709628","article-title":"Anti-Aging Potential of Phytoextract Loaded-Pharmaceutical Creams for Human Skin Cell Longevity","volume":"2015","author":"Jadoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000329214","article-title":"Dermocosmetics for Dry Skin: A New Role for Botanical Extracts","volume":"24","author":"Casetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faur, A., Watz, C., Moac\u0103, E.-A., Avram, \u015e., Borcan, F., Pinzaru, I., Iftode, A., Nicolov, M., Popovici, R.A., and Raica, M. (2020). Correlations on Phenolic Screening Related to In Vitro and In Ovo Assessment of Ocimum basilicum L. Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts Used as Skin Active Ingredient. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225442"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0275OC","article-title":"Incidence and Prognostic Value of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Organ Dysfunctions in Ward Patients","volume":"192","author":"Churpek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e31815f3876","article-title":"American Burn Association Practice Guidelines Burn Shock Resuscitation","volume":"29","author":"Pham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181e4d680","article-title":"Predicting Prognosis in Thermal Burns with Associated Inhalational Injury: A Systematic Review of Prognostic Factors in Adult Burn Victims","volume":"31","author":"Colohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.21","article-title":"Silver Sulfadiazine Retards Wound Healing in Mice via Alterations in Cytokine Expression","volume":"135","author":"Rosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"CD011821","article-title":"Antiseptics for Burns","volume":"7","author":"Norman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.02.009","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Testing of Silver-Containing Burn Treatments Using Primary and Immortal Skin Cells","volume":"40","author":"Boonkaew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481808400628","article-title":"Delayed Healing Associated with Silver Sulfadiazine Use for Partial Thickness Scald Burns in Children","volume":"84","author":"Raymond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edger-Lacoursi\u00e8re, Z., Zhu, M., Jean, S., Marois-Pag\u00e9, E., and Nedelec, B. (2024). Evidence Supporting Conservative Scar Management Interventions Following Burn Injury: A Review Article. J. Burn Care Res., irae204.","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irae204"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, C., Le, H., and Chang, F. (2021). Functional Hydrogel Dressings for Treatment of Burn Wounds. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.788461"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874372201913010034","article-title":"Lessons from Epithelialization: The Reason Behind Moist Wound Environment","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Dermatol. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000431","article-title":"Analysis of Povidone Iodine, Chlorhexidine Acetate and Polyhexamethylene Biguanide as Wound Disinfectants: In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM00411E","article-title":"Recent Trends on Burn Wound Care: Hydrogel Dressings and Scaffolds","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, T.C., Martins, A.J., Pastrana, L., Pereira, M.C., and Cerqueira, M.A. (2021). Oleogel-Based Systems for the Delivery of Bioactive Compounds in Foods. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7030086"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkab041","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab041","article-title":"Antibacterial Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Dressing Containing Plant Essential Oil for Burn Wound Healing","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonescu, I.A., Antonescu, A., Miere, F., Fritea, L., Teu\u0219dea, A.C., Vica\u0219, L., Vica\u0219, S.I., Brihan, I., Domu\u021ba, M., and Zdrinca, M. (2021). Evaluation of Wound Healing Potential of Novel Hydrogel Based on Ocimum basilicum and Trifolium pratense Extracts. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9112096"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117423","article-title":"Wound Healing Potential of Extract from Sambucus nigra L. Leaves and Its Fractions","volume":"320","author":"Granica","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0881-3000","article-title":"Wound Healing Potential of the Standardized Extract of Boswellia serrata on Experimental Diabetic Foot Ulcer via Inhibition of Inflammatory, Angiogenetic and Apoptotic Markers","volume":"85","author":"Pengzong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, S., Colanero, S., Placidi, M., Di Emidio, G., Tatone, C., Amicarelli, F., and D\u2019Alessandro, A.M. (2022). Phytochemistry and Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing: An Overview of Current Research. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113566"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro\u0219ca, O.-J., Nistor, A., Brandabur, C., Heredea, R.E., Hoinoiu, B., and \u0218oica, C. (2025). Rat 3D Printed Induction Device (RAPID-3D): A 3D-Printed Device for Uniform and Reproducible Scald Burn Induction in Rats with Histological and Microvascular Validation. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040378"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12855","article-title":"Modification and Utility of a Rat Burn Wound Model","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.11.011","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-Based Emulgel for Wound Healing Using Animal Model","volume":"28","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"11","article-title":"Wound Healing Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Aerial Parts in Wistar Rats","volume":"II","author":"Dubey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Indig. Herb. Drug"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"457","article-title":"Evaluation of Boswellia serrata Oleo-Gum Resin for Wound Healing Activity","volume":"2","author":"Mallik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Der Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820060609","article-title":"Artificial Skin I. Preparation and Properties of Pluronic F-127 Gels for Treatment of Burns","volume":"6","author":"Schmolka","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, M., Henke, J., Tacke, S., Markert, M., and Guth, B. (2014). Influence of Repeated Anaesthesia on Physiological Parameters in Male Wistar Rats: A Telemetric Study about Isoflurane, Ketamine-Xylazine and a Combination of Medetomidine, Midazolam and Fentanyl. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0310-8"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"NC3Rs (2025, January 01). Revision of the ARRIVE Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/nc3rs.org.uk\/our-portfolio\/revision-arrive-guidelines."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"463","article-title":"Outpatient Burn Care: Prevention and Treatment","volume":"101","author":"Lanham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Wu, B.M. (2023). Current Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels as Smart Drug Delivery Carriers. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9100838"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000276303","article-title":"Clinical Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Thermoreversible Polyhexanide-Preserved Wound Covering Gel","volume":"44","author":"Goertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e039981","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039981","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Hydrogel Dressing as an Analgesic Adjunct to First Aid for the Treatment of Acute Paediatric Burn Injuries: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Holbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3180326fcf","article-title":"A Liposome Hydrogel with Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidone Iodine in the Local Treatment of Partial-Thickness Burn Wounds","volume":"59","author":"Homann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-010-0169-2","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Burn Wound Healing Properties of Saline-Soaked Dressing and Silver Sulfadiazine in Rats","volume":"73","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.07.024","article-title":"Topical Petrolatum Gel Alone versus Topical Silver Sulfadiazine with Standard Gauze Dressings for the Treatment of Superficial Partial Thickness Burns in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"40","author":"Genuino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.10.019","article-title":"Betulin Wound Gel Accelerated Healing of Superficial Partial Thickness Burns: Results of a Randomized, Intra-Individually Controlled, Phase III Trial with 12-Months Follow-Up","volume":"45","author":"Frew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-019-02988-x","article-title":"Evaluation of Cutaneous Wound Healing Activity of Ocimum basilicum Aqueous Extract Ointment in Rats","volume":"28","author":"Zangeneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, A.H., Duarte, N., Serra, A.T., Ferreira, A., Bronze, M.R., Cust\u00f3dio, L., Gaspar, M.M., Sim\u00f5es, S., Rijo, P., and Ascens\u00e3o, L. (2020). Further Evidence of Possible Therapeutic Uses of Sambucus nigra L. Extracts by the Assessment of the In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Its PLGA and PCL-Based Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121181"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, F., Zheng, L., and Zhang, X. (2024). Alpha-Boswellic Acid Accelerates Acute Wound Healing via NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3909530\/v1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turcov, D., Barna, A.S., Trifan, A., Blaga, A.C., Tanas\u0103, A.M., and Suteu, D. (2022). Antioxidants from Galium verum as Ingredients for the Design of New Dermatocosmetic Products. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11192454"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuleti\u0107, M., Jakovljevi\u0107, V., \u017divanovi\u0107, S., Papi\u0107, M., Papi\u0107, M., Mladenovi\u0107, R., \u017divkovi\u0107, V., Srejovi\u0107, I., Jeremi\u0107, J., and An\u0111i\u0107, M. (2022). The Evaluation of Healing Properties of Galium verum-Based Oral Gel in Aphthous Stomatitis in Rats. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154680"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/5\/597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:00Z","timestamp":1760030760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/5\/597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17050597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}