{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:08:36Z","timestamp":1789002516657,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intestine is an important segment of the gastrointestinal tract, which is involved in complex processes that maintain the body\u2019s normal homeostasis. It hosts a vast, diverse, and dynamic microbial community called the gut microbiota, which develops from birth. It has been observed that the gut microbiota is involved in essential physiological processes, including the development of the central nervous system via the gut microbiota\u2013brain axis. An alteration of the gut microbiota can lead to serious health problems, including defective neurodevelopment. Thus, this paper aims to highlight the most recent advances in studies that focus on the link between the gut microbiota and the evolution of neurodevelopmental diseases in children. Currently, studies show that the use of drugs that stimulate and restore the gut microbiota (e.g., probiotics and prebiotics) have the potential to alleviate some of the symptoms associated with conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tic Disorder, Tourette Syndrome, epilepsy, and Down Syndrome. In addition, due to the challenges associated with drug administration in children, as well as the widespread shortage of medications intended for pediatric use, researchers are working on the development of new delivery systems. Liposome-based systems or solid lipid nanoparticles have been safely used for drug delivery in various pediatric conditions, which may also indicate their potential for use in the administration of microbiota-modulating therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T03:30:19Z","timestamp":1748489419000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Liposomal and Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Bridging Gut Microbiota and Pediatric Disorder Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-6939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Ioana","family":"Teleanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Victor Gomoiu\u201d Clinical Children\u2019s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena-Theodora","family":"Moldoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8968-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina-Gabriela","family":"Niculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5682-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Predescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400658 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, Clinic of Pediatric Psychiatry, 400394 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5061-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Roza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Victor Gomoiu\u201d Clinical Children\u2019s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia Florentina","family":"Tincu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, \u201cDr. Victor Gomoiu\u201d Clinical Children Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Mihai","family":"Grumezescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest\u2014ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Mihai","family":"Teleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G.A., Gasbarrini, A., and Mele, M.C. (2019). What Is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.012","article-title":"Actinobacteria: A relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Binda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.11.004","article-title":"Adaptation of bifidobacteria to the gastrointestinal tract and functional consequences","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patangia, D.V., Anthony Ryan, C., Dempsey, E., Paul Ross, R., and Stanton, C. (2022). Impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome and consequences for host health. MicrobiologyOpen, 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2024.100106","article-title":"Antibiotics and the gut microbiome: Understanding the impact on human health","volume":"20","author":"Lathakumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Watanabe, K., and Kimura, I. (2017). Gut microbiota dysbiosis drives and implies novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus and related metabolic diseases. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01882"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdukhakimova, D., Dossybayeva, K., and Poddighe, D. (2021). Fecal and Duodenal Microbiota in Pediatric Celiac Disease. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.652208"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i18.1875","article-title":"Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders: Implication and indications","volume":"28","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04567-7","article-title":"Environmental factors shaping the gut microbiome in a Dutch population","volume":"604","author":"Gacesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucurica, S., Lupanciuc, M., Ionita-Radu, F., Stefan, I., Munteanu, A.E., Anghel, D., Jinga, M., and Gaman, E.L. (2023). Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas\u2014Connecting the Dots of the Gut Microbial \u03b2-Glucuronidase Pathway as a Metabolic Link. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216034"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140007","article-title":"Understanding and modulating mammalian-microbial communication for improved human health","volume":"54","author":"Mani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrego-Ruiz, A., and Borrego, J.J. (2024). Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11070796"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2020-034","article-title":"Development of the gut microbiota and dysbiosis in children","volume":"40","author":"Akagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iddrisu, I., Monteagudo-Mera, A., Poveda, C., Pyle, S., Shahzad, M., Andrews, S., and Walton, G.E. (2021). Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082727"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.001","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in the First Decade of Life","volume":"27","author":"Derrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00782-x","article-title":"Understanding the impact of antibiotic perturbation on the human microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Q., and Liu, Q. (2021). Factors affecting gut microbiome in daily diet. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.644138"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102428","article-title":"Exposure to prescribed medication in early life and impacts on gut microbiota and disease development","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.065","article-title":"Childhood Development and the Microbiome\u2014The Intestinal Microbiota in Maintenance of Health and Development of Disease During Childhood Development","volume":"160","author":"Ronan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.08.005","article-title":"Development of the Pediatric Gut Microbiome: Impact on Health and Disease","volume":"356","author":"Ihekweazu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14661","article-title":"Gut dysbacteriosis and intestinal disease: Mechanism and treatment","volume":"129","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malkawi, W.A., AlRafayah, E., AlHazabreh, M., AbuLaila, S., and Al-Ghananeem, A.M. (2022). Formulation Challenges and Strategies to Develop Pediatric Dosage Forms. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040488"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Obinu, A., Rassu, G., Giunchedi, P., and Gavini, E. (2021). Polymeric and Lipid Nanoparticles: Which Applications in Pediatrics?. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050670"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103628","article-title":"Nanotechnology for the treatment of paediatric diseases: A review","volume":"75","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3225","article-title":"Pediatric Drug Formulations: A Review of Challenges and Progress","volume":"134","author":"Ivanovska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durda-Masny, M., Ciomborowska-Basheer, J., Maka\u0142owska, I., and Szwed, A. (2022). The Mediating Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Physical Growth of Children. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020152"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, P., Shen, X., and Guo, S. (2023). Intestinal flora and linear growth in children. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1252035"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-Z., Yu, Y.-J., and Adeli, K. (2020). Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040527"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: Metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-016-0528-7","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Obesity","volume":"18","author":"John","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100362","article-title":"Gut Microbiota: An Important Participant in Childhood Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.06.007","article-title":"Gut microbiota is associated with metabolic health in children with obesity","volume":"41","author":"Alcazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105313","article-title":"Dietary protein and the intestinal microbiota: An understudied relationship","volume":"25","author":"Bartlett","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"45","article-title":"L-Tryptophan: Basic Metabolic Functions, Behavioral Research and Therapeutic Indications","volume":"2","author":"Richard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res. IJTR"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, C., Carp\u00e9n, N., Helve, O., de Vos, W.M., Korpela, K., and Salonen, A. (2021). Early-life gut microbiota and its connection to metabolic health in children: Perspective on ecological drivers and need for quantitative approach. eBioMedicine, 69.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103475"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1113\/EP091620","article-title":"Gut microbiota in regulation of childhood bone growth","volume":"109","author":"Lui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dash, S., Syed, Y.A., and Khan, M.R. (2022). Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association with Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.880544"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliodromiti, Z., Triantafyllou, A.R., Tsaousi, M., Pouliakis, A., Petropoulou, C., Sokou, R., Volaki, P., Boutsikou, T., and Iacovidou, N. (2023). Gut Microbiome and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Link Yet to Be Disclosed. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020487"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0191-9","article-title":"The contribution of the gut microbiome to neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"85","author":"Warner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109491","article-title":"The gut-brain connection: Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota on neuroplasticity and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"231","author":"Damiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad026","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Huh, J.R., and Shah, K. (2022). Microbiota and the gut-brain-axis: Implications for new therapeutic design in the CNS. eBioMedicine, 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103908"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., He, Y., Xie, K., Feng, L., Gao, S., and Cai, L. (2023). Review of microbiota gut brain axis and innate immunity in inflammatory and infective diseases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1282431"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacorte, E., Gervasi, G., Bacigalupo, I., Vanacore, N., Raucci, U., and Parisi, P. (2019). A Systematic Review of the Microbiome in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00727"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tognini, P. (2017). Gut Microbiota: A Potential Regulator of Neurodevelopment. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00025"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laue, H.E., Coker, M.O., and Madan, J.C. (2022). The Developing Microbiome From Birth to 3 Years: The Gut-Brain Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.815885"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teleanu, D.M., Niculescu, A.-G., Lungu, I.I., Radu, C.I., Vlad\u00e2cenco, O., Roza, E., Cost\u0103chescu, B., Grumezescu, A.M., and Teleanu, R.I. (2022). An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115938"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, R.A., Augello, A., Gallo, L., Caggianese, G., Malizia, V., La Grutta, S., Murero, M., Valenti, D., Tullo, A., and Balech, B. (2023). Serious Games in the new era of digital-health interventions: A narrative review of their therapeutic applications to manage neurobehavior in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105156"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803161-2.00022-9","article-title":"Chapter 22\u2014Translational Medicine Strategies in Drug Development for Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Nomikos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Shaw, K.A., Williams, S., Patrick, M.E., Valencia-Prado, M., Durkin, M.S., Howerton, E.M., Ladd-Acosta, C.M., Pas, E.T., Bakian, A.V., and Bartholomew, P. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldy026","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"127","author":"Campisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v10.i3.15","article-title":"Autism medical comorbidities","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"CDC (2024, May 22). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Data and Statistics on ADHD, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/adhd\/data\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.071","article-title":"The global prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"339","author":"Ayano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature","volume":"7","author":"Gnanavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Jones, K.S., Saylam, E., and Ramphul, K. (2025). Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders. StatPearls [Internet], Updated 2023 May 8 ed., StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00303-9","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-70","article-title":"Recent progress on Tourette syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S251499","article-title":"Challenges in the Diagnosis and Assessment in Patients with Tourette Syndrome and Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"17","author":"Szejko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apte, A., Kapoor, M., Naik, S., Lubree, H., Khamkar, P., Singh, D., Agarwal, D., Roy, S., Kawade, A., and Juvekar, S. (2021). Efficacy of transdermal delivery of liposomal micronutrients through body oil massage on neurodevelopmental and micronutrient deficiency status in infants: Results of a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-021-00458-8"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0143-7","article-title":"Down syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onnivello, S., Pulina, F., Locatelli, C., Marcolin, C., Ramacieri, G., Antonaros, F., Vione, B., Caracausi, M., and Lanfranchi, S. (2022). Cognitive profiles in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05825-4"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy, A.B.C., and Hagerman, R.J. (2017). The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taniya, M.A., Chung, H.J., Al Mamun, A., Alam, S., Aziz, M.A., Emon, N.U., Islam, M.M., Hong, S.S., Podder, B.R., and Ara Mimi, A. (2022). Role of Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Therapeutic Regulation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.915701"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2022.03.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: From pathogenesis to potential therapeutic perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Mehra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Li, S., Mei, H., Xiao, H., Ma, X., Liu, Z., and Li, R. (2024). Gut microbiome and serum amino acid metabolome alterations in autism spectrum disorder. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54717-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allan, N.P., Yamamoto, B.Y., Kunihiro, B.P., Nunokawa, C.K.L., Rubas, N.C., Wells, R.K., Umeda, L., Phankitnirundorn, K., Torres, A., and Peres, R. (2024). Ketogenic Diet Induced Shifts in the Gut Microbiome Associate with Changes to Inflammatory Cytokines and Brain-Related miRNAs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101401"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104784","article-title":"Probiotics and fructo-oligosaccharide intervention modulate the microbiota-gut brain axis to improve autism spectrum reducing also the hyper-serotonergic state and the dopamine metabolism disorder","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X.-J., Liu, J., Liu, K., Koh, M., Sherman, H., Liu, S., Tian, R., Sukijthamapan, P., Wang, J., and Fong, M. (2021). Probiotic and Oxytocin Combination Therapy in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051552"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanctuary, M.R., Kain, J.N., Chen, S.Y., Kalanetra, K., Lemay, D.G., Rose, D.R., Yang, H.T., Tancredi, D.J., German, J.B., and Slupsky, C.M. (2019). Pilot study of probiotic\/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210064"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrnciarova, J., Kubelkova, K., Bostik, V., Rychlik, I., Karasova, D., Babak, V., Datkova, M., Simackova, K., and Macela, A. (2024). Modulation of Gut Microbiome and Autism Symptoms of ASD Children Supplemented with Biological Response Modifier: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16131988"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01352-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota and dietary patterns in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1701658","article-title":"ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Drechsler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cickovski, T., Mathee, K., Aguirre, G., Tatke, G., Hermida, A., Narasimhan, G., and Stollstorff, M. (2023). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the gut microbiome: An ecological perspective. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273890"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miri, S., Yeo, J., Abubaker, S., and Hammami, R. (2023). Neuromicrobiology, an emerging neurometabolic facet of the gut microbiome?. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1098412"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xu, J., and Chen, Y. (2021). Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062099"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463570","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2463570","article-title":"Gut microbiome changes with micronutrient supplementation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: The MADDY study","volume":"17","author":"Ast","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, A.J., Purcell, R.V., Darling, K.A., Eggleston, M.J.F., Kennedy, M.A., and Rucklidge, J.J. (2019). Human gut microbiome changes during a 10 week Randomised Control Trial for micronutrient supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46146-3"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.-J., Tsai, C.-S., Chou, W.-J., Kuo, H.-C., Huang, Y.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Dai, H.-Y., Yang, C.-Y., Li, C.-J., and Yeh, Y.-T. (2024). Add-On Bifidobacterium Bifidum Supplement in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 12-Week Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142260"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, S.I. (2012). Tourette Syndrome. Neurodegenerative Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0653-2"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819877335","article-title":"Clinical Features of Tourette Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2022.06.002","article-title":"Potential relationship between Tourette syndrome and gut microbiome","volume":"99","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. De Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.-C., Wong, L.-C., Hsu, C.-J., Yang, C.-W., Tsai, Y.-C., Cheng, F.-S., Hu, H.-Y., and Lee, W.-T. (2021). Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic PS128 in Children with Tourette Syndrome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113698"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-024-00693-8","article-title":"Clinical Study of Limosilactobacillus reuteri for the Treatment of Children with Chronic Tic Disorders\/Tourette Syndrome: A Mid-Term Efficacy Evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537","article-title":"Down Syndrome","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22055","article-title":"Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction in a National Cohort of Children with Down Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Ciciora","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01799-2","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota correlates with cognitive impairment in Chinese children with Down\u2019s syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adejoro, I.A., Babatunde, D.D., Folashade, O.Z., Olayiwola, H.A., Johnson, C.A.G., and Ikechukwu, A.D. (2024). Activities of Analogues of Carbamazepine and (R)\u2013Lacosamide as Potential Inhibitors of Epilepsy Disease: Molecular Docking, DFT, and Pharmacokinetic Study. Lett. Appl. NanoBioSci., 13.","DOI":"10.33263\/LIANBS132.097"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949","article-title":"Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: A 30-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thuraisingam, S., Salim, N., Azmi, I.D.M., Kassim, N.K., and Basri, H. (2023). Development of nanoemulsion containing Centella asiatica crude extract as a promising drug delivery system for epilepsy treatment. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem, 13.","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC131.017"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.002","article-title":"Can we \u2018seize\u2019 the gut microbiota to treat epilepsy?","volume":"107","author":"Iannone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, E. (2022). The gut microbiota as a biomarker in epilepsy. Neurobiol. Dis., 163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105598"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, X., Liu, L., Li, X., Xiong, J., Xu, J., Mao, D., and Liu, L. (2022). Neuroprotection of cannabidiol in epileptic rats: Gut microbiome and metabolome sequencing. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1028459"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, N., and Kumar, A. (2025). Chapter 9\u2014Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in epilepsy and possible interventions. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and CNS Disorders, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-21680-0.00007-9"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.03.009","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-directed strategies to treat epilepsy: Clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"90","author":"Cavalheiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16079","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i43.16079","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Festi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2016.1154536","article-title":"Psychopharmacological interventions in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"17","author":"Accordino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genovese, A., and Butler, M.G. (2020). Clinical Assessment, Genetics, and Treatment Approaches in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134726"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01183-1","article-title":"An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"19","author":"Aishworiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0116-3","article-title":"Treatment strategies for ADHD: An evidence-based guide to select optimal treatment","volume":"24","author":"Caye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"202","article-title":"Bacterial Probiotics their Importances and Limitations: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Ayichew","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.202300038","article-title":"Nanomaterials: An overview of synthesis, classification, characterization, and applications","volume":"4","author":"Mekuye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Sel."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joudeh, N., and Linke, D. (2022). Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: A comprehensive review for biologists. J. Nanobiotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01477-8"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Chen, G., and Zhang, J. (2022). A Review of Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System: Current Status of Approved Products, Regulatory Environments, and Future Perspectives. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041372"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olusanya, T.O.B., Haj Ahmad, R.R., Ibegbu, D.M., Smith, J.R., and Elkordy, A.A. (2018). Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems and Anticancer Drugs. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040907"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, P. (2021). Lipid-Based Nanocarrier System for the Effective Delivery of Nutraceuticals. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185510"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva Gomes, A., Reis, F.M.P., Ceravolo, I.P., and Dias-Souza, M.V. (2023). Effectiveness of Free and Liposome-Entrapped Antitumoral Drugs Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparative In Vitro Study. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC132.122"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, D., Sandeep, K., Pandey, D., and Dutta, R.K. (2017). Liposomes for Drug Delivery. J. Biotechnol. Biomater., 7.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-952X.1000276"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPPX2013.0004","article-title":"Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Chime","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"33","article-title":"Liposomes as Advanced Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals","volume":"15","author":"Shade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najm, A., Moldoveanu, E.-T., Niculescu, A.-G., Grumezescu, A.M., Beuran, M., and Gaspar, B.S. (2024). Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Sarcopenia: An Updated Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910766"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najm, A., B\u00eerc\u0103, A.C., Niculescu, A.-G., Alberts, A., Grumezescu, A.M., G\u0103l\u0103\u021beanu, B., Vasile, B.\u0218., Beuran, M., Gaspar, B.S., and Hudi\u021b\u0103, A. (2025). Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Lipid Vesicles for Delivering HMB, NMN, and L-Leucine in Sarcopenia Therapy. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071437"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09394","article-title":"Liposomes: Structure, composition, types, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Nsairat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"57","article-title":"Liposomes as Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"10","author":"Tutunji","year":"2022","journal-title":"EC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31069\/japsr.v3i3.2","article-title":"Liposomal Drug Delivery System\u2014A Review","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2023.2247036","article-title":"Liposomes for drug delivery: Review of vesicular composition, factors affecting drug release and drug loading in liposomes","volume":"51","author":"Pande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.3c00032","article-title":"Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug\/Gene Delivery: An Overview of the Production Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development","volume":"3","author":"Mehta","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-00908-7","article-title":"Current approaches in lipid-based nanocarriers for oral drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Lozano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104770","article-title":"Lipid-based formulations: A promising approach for poorly soluble drug delivery via the intestinal lymphatic system","volume":"87","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashmi, M.P., and Koester, T.M. (2018). Applications of Synthetically Produced Materials in Clinical Medicine. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.10258-9"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gbian, D.L., and Omri, A. (2022). Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Diseases Managements. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092137"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300319","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300319","article-title":"A Comparison of Cellular Uptake Mechanisms, Delivery Efficacy, and Intracellular Fate between Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Gandek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatto, M.S., Johnson, M.P., and Najahi-Missaoui, W. (2024). Targeted Liposomal Drug Delivery: Overview of the Current Applications and Challenges. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060672"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120571","article-title":"Design of liposomes as drug delivery system for therapeutic applications","volume":"601","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26777","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03491F","article-title":"A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: Part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, V., Bansal, K.K., Verma, A., Yadav, N., Thakur, S., Sudhakar, K., and Rosenholm, J.M. (2018). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Emerging Colloidal Nano Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040191"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satapathy, M.K., Yen, T.-L., Jan, J.-S., Tang, R.-D., Wang, J.-Y., Taliyan, R., and Yang, C.-H. (2021). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): An Advanced Drug Delivery System Targeting Brain through BBB. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081183"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaturvedi, P., and Sharma, P. (2024). Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Extract Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Lett. Appl. NanoBioScience, 13.","DOI":"10.33263\/LIANBS132.088"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subroto, E., Andoyo, R., and Indiarto, R. (2023). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Review of the Current Research on Encapsulation and Delivery Systems for Active and Antioxidant Compounds. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030633"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.235156","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers as novel drug delivery systems: Applications, advantages and disadvantages","volume":"13","author":"Ghasemiyeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A. (2022). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN). Nanocomposite Materials for Biomedical and Energy Storage Applications, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.95130"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2022.2084554","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review of the methods of manufacture and routes of administration","volume":"27","author":"Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1178237","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Cacciatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.032","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles for hydrophilic drugs","volume":"335","author":"Mirchandani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scioli Montoto, S., Muraca, G., and Ruiz, M.E. (2020). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects. Front. Mol. Biosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.587997"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122107","article-title":"Development of a child-friendly oral drug formulation using liposomal multilamellar vesicle technology","volume":"625","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00077","article-title":"Development of a Rapidly Dissolvable Oral Pediatric Formulation for Mefloquine Using Liposomes","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandramouli, M., Basavanna, V., and Ningaiah, S. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of Paediatric Drug Development: An Extensive Analysis of Present Difficulties and Prospects for the Future. Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem., 14.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4876037"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. (2025, March 27). Phase II Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride Liposome Combined with Irinotecan and Vincristine (VIM) with VIT in Children with Relapsed and Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06514313?cond=Children&term=Liposome&rank=3."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital (2025, March 27). A Protocol for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Rhabdomyosarcoma Using Molecular Risk Stratification and Liposomal Irinotecan Based Therapy in Children with Intermediate and High Risk Disease, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06023641?cond=Children&term=Liposome&rank=9."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Namita Mishra, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (2025, March 27). Effect of Ferrous Ascorbate Versus Liposomal Iron on Hemoglobin Concentration and Iron Indices in 6 to 59 Months Age Children with Nutritional Iron-Deficiency Anemia: A Double-Blinded Single Centre Randomized Clinical Trial, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05957328?cond=Children&term=Liposome&rank=10."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Alexandra Stevens, Baylor College of Medicine (2025, March 27). A Trial of Atovaquone (Mepron\u00ae) Combined with Conventional Chemotherapy for De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults (ATACC AML), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03568994?cond=Children&term=Liposome&page=3&rank=22."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"University of Birmingham (2025, March 27). International Randomised Phase III Clinical Trial in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia\u2014Incorporating an Embedded Dose Finding Study for Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin in Combination with Induction Chemotherapy, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02724163?cond=Children&term=Liposome&page=3&rank=30."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13727-9","article-title":"Biointerfacial self-assembly generates lipid membrane coated bacteria for enhanced oral delivery and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201500643","article-title":"Encapsulation of Living Cells Within Giant Phospholipid Liposomes Formed by the Inverse-Emulsion Technique","volume":"17","author":"Chowdhuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2023.2223776","article-title":"Encapsulation of probiotics in solid lipid micro particle for improved viability and stability under stressed conditions","volume":"26","author":"Azeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N., Tyagi, N., Mehan, S., Singh, A., Verma, B., and Kumar, S. (2024). Preparation of probiotic-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and in vitro survival in gastrointestinal conditions. BIO Web Conf., 86.","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20248601051"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, M., Yang, S., Song, J., and Gao, Z. (2024). Layer-by-layer coated probiotics with chitosan and liposomes demonstrate improved stability and antioxidant properties in vitro. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128826"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/6\/707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:42:15Z","timestamp":1760031735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/6\/707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17060707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]}}}