{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:42:10Z","timestamp":1787740930018,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Isra University","award":["2023\/2022\/35-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/2022\/35-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin infection characterized by high sebum secretion, keratosis around hair follicles, inflammation, and imbalance in androgen levels. Acne vulgaris causes permanent scars or skin pigmentation in cases of improper treatment. Oral or topical isotretinoin, contraceptives, and antibiotics are used to treat acne. Minocycline is one of the widely used tetracyclines for this purpose; it inhibits the synthesis of proteins in bacterial ribosomes. Commonly, minocycline is prescribed daily for several months for acne vulgaris. Systemic minocycline is highly distributed into body fluids, and it is associated with several side effects and antibiotic resistance. Additionally, minocycline is highly metabolized in the liver, leading to reduced bioavailability upon systemic delivery. This study aims to develop and characterize minocycline nanocrystals for targeted skin delivery and evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy in treating acne vulgaris. Methods: Minocycline nanocrystals were synthesized using milling or solvent evaporation techniques. Nanocrystals were characterized in terms of particle size, particle distribution index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphology. The antibacterial efficacy against Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis was evaluated using a minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC) and agar well diffusion test in comparison to coarse minocycline. Results: Minocycline nanocrystals had a particle size of 147.4 \u00b1 7.8 nm and 0.27 \u00b1 0.017 of PDI. The nanocrystals exhibited a loading efficiency of 86.19 \u00b1 16.7%. Antimicrobial testing showed no significant difference in activity between minocycline and its nanoparticle formulation. In terms of skin deposition, the nanocrystals were able to deliver minocycline topically to rat skin significantly more than free minocycline. The nanocrystal solution deposited 554.56 \u00b1 24.13 \u03bcg of minocycline into rat skin, whereas free minocycline solution deposited 373.99 \u00b1 23.32 \u03bcg. Conclusions: Minocycline nanocrystals represent a promising strategy for targeted skin delivery in the treatment of acne vulgaris, potentially reducing systemic side effects and antibiotic resistance and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1748867229000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Minocycline Nanocrystals: A New Approach for Treating Acne with Reduced Systemic Side Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suha M.","family":"Abudoleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8183-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juhaina M.","family":"Abu Ershaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dima","family":"Lafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen A.","family":"Dahshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Talhouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Abuirmeileh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20882","article-title":"Magnitude and temporal trend of acne vulgaris burden in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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