{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:45:22Z","timestamp":1791960322044,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de Colombia, MinCiencias","award":["836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["836"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de Colombia, MinCiencias","award":["2024TR000070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TR000070"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"Programa de Becas de Excelencia Doctoral del Bicentenario Cohorte I. FAPESC 15\/2023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005667","name":"Programa de Becas de Excelencia Doctoral del Bicentenario Cohorte I. FAPESC 15\/2023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024TR000070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TR000070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Previous studies have shown that unformulated extracts of Passiflora ligularis leaves exhibit promising antidiabetic activity. This research aimed to demonstrate that formulating the extract into a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (PLE-SEDDS) enhanced its antidiabetic activity in a high-fat-diet\/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Methods: Blood glucose levels (BGLs) of diabetic mice were monitored during 21 days of oral administration of P. ligularis extract (PLE) and PLE-SEDDS. Control groups included metformin (positive control), vehicle, and SEDDS vehicle (negative controls). The animals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation quantified by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the kidney, liver, and pancreas, complemented with histopathological analysis. Additionally, plasma lipid profile parameters were evaluated. Results: The PLE-SEDDS formulation demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the PLE extract in improving antidiabetic outcomes. Animals treated with PLE-SEDDS exhibited a minimal increase in blood glucose levels (11.5%) during the OGTT, compared to 27.4% with PLE and over 77% in the vehicle groups. PLE-SEDDS also showed greater enhancement of SOD and CAT activity, along with a more pronounced reduction in MDA levels, indicating stronger protection against oxidative stress. Histological analysis revealed significant preservation of pancreatic islets, and lipid profile analysis showed greater reductions in triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL-C, alongside increased HDL-C levels. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings suggest that PLE-SEDDS exhibits superior antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects compared to the unformulated extract, making this novel formulation a promising option for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1748867229000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Enhances the Antidiabetic Activity of Passiflora ligularis Leaf Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana P.","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonne H.","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5717-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M.","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bibiana Verlindo de","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Regina Mena Barreto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioeletricidade Celular (IBIOCEL),Ci\u00eancia & Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Jo\u00e3o Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Sala G 301, Florian\u00f3polis 88038-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Marcela","family":"Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, December 30). Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/diabetes."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2024, December 30). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf-diabetes-atlas-2025\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6821","article-title":"Diabetes and Plant-derived Natural Products: From Ethnopharmacological Approaches to Their Potential for Modern Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"35","author":"Jugran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. 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