{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:36:57Z","timestamp":1790357817345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ArboControl Brasil Project","award":["74\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74\/2016"]}]},{"name":"ArboControl Brasil Project","award":["42\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42\/2017"]}]},{"name":"ArboControl Brasil Project","award":["542\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["542\/2023"]}]},{"name":"ArboControl Brasil Project","award":["445985\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445985\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\/FAPDF","award":["74\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\/FAPDF","award":["42\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\/FAPDF","award":["542\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["542\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal\/FAPDF","award":["445985\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445985\/2024-0"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, PELD","award":["74\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74\/2016"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, PELD","award":["42\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42\/2017"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, PELD","award":["542\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["542\/2023"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, PELD","award":["445985\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["445985\/2024-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:Cenostigma bracteosum (Tul.) Gagnon &amp; G.P. Lewis (Fabaceae), popularly known as \u201ccatingueira\u201d, is a plant widely distributed in the Caatinga biome, which comprises 11% of the Brazilian territory. While this species is of interest given local knowledge, formal reports are lacking in the literature, warranting targeted investigation. This study aimed to prepare and characterize a hydroethanolic extract of C. bracteosum leaves, prepare carbopol gels containing the extract, and evaluate their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: The initial extract was prepared in an ultrasonic bath using ethanol\/water (70:30, v\/v). The extract (1 mg\/mL) was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS\/MS). Carbopol-based gels containing 1% and 3% of C. bracteosum extract were prepared and characterized in terms of pH, conductivity, spreadability, and rheology. The cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT method using MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells and L929-CCL1 fibroblast cells. The antibacterial activity of the extract and gels was evaluated using the agar diffusion method against S. aureus and E. coli. Results: The C. bracteosum leaves extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, were not cytotoxic for the assessed cells at concentrations up to 100 \u03bcg\/mL, and its analysis by UHPLC-MS\/MS allowed the annotation of 18 metabolites, mainly of the phenolic acid and flavonoids glycoside classes, together with a biflavonoid. The prepared gels remained stable over the 30-day post-production analysis period. Conclusions: These findings provide a better understanding of the chemical diversity of the secondary metabolites of a common Caatinga biome species\u2014C. bracteosum\u2014specifically present in leaves hydroethanolic extract and gel formulation adapted for skin application with activity against S. aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1750082591000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cenostigma bracteosum Hydroethanolic Extract: Chemical Profile, Antibacterial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Gel Formulation Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3867-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Addison R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5887-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A. S. D.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia G. M.","family":"Fideles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0571-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto B. L.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor P. P.","family":"Confessor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia N.","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2022-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weslley S.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Pol\u00edmeros Naturais-BIOPOL, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo A. O.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia de Pol\u00edmeros Naturais-BIOPOL, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislene","family":"Ganade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila S.","family":"Espindola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacognosia, Campus Universit\u00e1rio Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldenice A.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59072-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal CEP 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fonseca, L.S.D. 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