{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:04:25Z","timestamp":1783476265813,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCPHS University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We report the successful formulation of a bone-targeted vancomycin-loaded liposomal carrier. Method: The basic liposomal structure is composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) in a molar ratio of 3:1:0.25, respectively. The dehydration\u2013rehydration method was used to maximize the liposomal-encapsulation efficiency of vancomycin after the initial preparation using thin-film hydration. Results: Sodium alendronate was used as a targeting moiety and was successfully conjugated to DSPE\u2013PEG\u2013COOH via carbodiimide chemistry, as was confirmed using IR spectroscopy. The resulting conjugate, DSPE\u2013PEG-alendronate, was subsequently used in the formulation of bone-targeting vancomycin-loaded liposomes. In vitro binding assays with hydroxyapatite demonstrated preferential binding of the surface-modified liposomes to hydroxyapatite crystals. Furthermore, ex vivo studies revealed that the surface-modified liposomes exhibited enhanced binding affinity to the tibial bone tissue of 4-week-old male CD1 mice, in comparison to unmodified liposomes. Conclusions: The successfully formulated surface-modified vancomycin loaded liposomes showed enhanced bone affinity with a great potential for targeting the antibiotic to infected bones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17060792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:08:06Z","timestamp":1750219686000},"page":"792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Formulation and Characterization of Bone-Targeting Vancomycin-Loaded Liposomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Basel","family":"Karzoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS-University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wala\u2019a","family":"Albenayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MCPHS-University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Raut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cymbiotika LLC., 5825 Oberlin Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5252-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Atef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, West Coast University, 590 N Vermont Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.010","article-title":"Osteomyelitis","volume":"31","author":"Schmitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. 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