{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:45:02Z","timestamp":1792118702037,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K16465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K16465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The precise control of drug absorption through the nasal mucosa following intranasal administration can be achieved through optimal formulation development that considers the nasal retention properties of the administered dosage form. This study aimed to quantitatively elucidate the effect of formulation type on nasal residence time in vivo. Methods: The nasal residence behavior of various formulation types, including solutions, particulates, and powders, was estimated in rats. Furthermore, the effect of mucoadhesive polymers on the nasal residence time was investigated using gel and powder dosage forms of sodium alginate. Results: The nasal retention behavior of the formulation in the nasal cavity differed depending on the dosage form. The polystyrene microparticles and lactose powder, a non-adhesive powder, were quickly eliminated into the nasopharynx, whereas the solution remained in the nasal cavity longer than the other formulations. The clearance behavior of the solution was investigated, and it was found that the solution was quickly transported to the stomach without being retained in the esophagus. The disappearance of the gel and powder with the mucoadhesive polymer was different, with the powder clearing faster. This difference in clearance is thought to be due to the powder being cleared before dissolving and diffusing into the nasal mucus. Conclusions: It has been clearly shown that the nasal residence behavior differed depending on the dosage forms. The addition of mucoadhesive polymers was effective in improving the nasal residence of the drug, and more-effective formulations for nasal application can be developed by combining optimal dosage forms, such as powders and gels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T06:46:12Z","timestamp":1751438772000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nasal Residence Depending on the Administered Dosage Form: Impact of Formulation Type on the In Vivo Nasal Retention Time of Drugs in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Pharmaceutics Laboratory, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideto","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.024","article-title":"Nasal Drug Delivery\u2014Recent Developments and Future Prospects","volume":"161","author":"Illum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.03.004","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Systemic-Acting Drugs: Small-Molecules and Biomacromolecules","volume":"88","author":"Fortuna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose, M., Farias Quipildor, G., Ehrlich, M.E., and Salton, S.R. (2022). Intranasal Peptide Therapeutics: A Promising Avenue for Overcoming the Challenges of Traditional CNS Drug Development. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223629"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.11.001","article-title":"Nose-to-Brain Peptide Delivery\u2014The Potential of Nanotechnology","volume":"26","author":"Samaridou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22752","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c06851","article-title":"Advanced Noninvasive Strategies for the Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00170","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery and Transfection of MRNA Therapeutics in the Brain Using Cationic Liposomes","volume":"17","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, P., Lalan, M., and Barve, K. (2022). Intranasal Delivery: An Attractive Route for the Administration of Nucleic Acid Based Therapeutics for CNS Disorders. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.974666"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03433-5","article-title":"CNS Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Beyond the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier and Towards Specific Cellular Targeting","volume":"40","author":"Nozohouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.029","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of N-Terminal Modified Leptin-Pluronic Conjugate for Treatment of Obesity","volume":"263","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00357","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography Assessment of the Intranasal Delivery Route for Orexin A","volume":"9","author":"Wey","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.027","article-title":"A Comprehensive Screening Platform for Aerosolizable Protein Formulations for Intranasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery","volume":"532","author":"Carle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01537-1","article-title":"Comparing Regional Brain Uptake of Incretin Receptor Agonists after Intranasal Delivery in CD-1 Mice and the APP\/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Abdulhameed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duong, V.A., Nguyen, T.T.L., and Maeng, H.J. (2023). Recent Advances in Intranasal Liposomes for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010207"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.10.029","article-title":"Advanced Formulations for Intranasal Delivery of Biologics","volume":"553","author":"Rohrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.12.054","article-title":"Nanotechnology for Enhanced Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in Treating Neurological Diseases","volume":"366","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00891-5","article-title":"Intranasal Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Toxicologic Challenges during Drug Development","volume":"12","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.11.002","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Biologics to the Central Nervous System","volume":"64","author":"Lochhead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., and Shukla, R. (2023). Nanovesicular-Mediated Intranasal Drug Therapy for Neurodegenerative Disease, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02625-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.02.001","article-title":"Attenuation of Kindled Seizures by Intranasal Delivery of Neuropeptide-Loaded Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Kubek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105590","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Disulfiram Inclusion Complex Embedded in Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin on Intracranial Glioma-Bearing Male Rats via Intranasal Route","volume":"156","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., and Kendrick, K.M. (2021). Neural and Molecular Contributions to Pathological Jealousy and a Potential Therapeutic Role for Intranasal Oxytocin. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.652473"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.103371","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Biotechnology-Based Therapeutics","volume":"27","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.06.044","article-title":"Fast Acting, Dry Powder, Needle-Free, Intranasal Epinephrine Spray: A Promising Future Treatment for Anaphylaxis","volume":"11","author":"Tal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.18433\/J3NC79","article-title":"Intranasal Drug Delivery: How, Why and What For?","volume":"12","author":"Pires","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00781-x","article-title":"Intranasal Insulin for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Hallschmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00517-8","article-title":"Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Zavegepant 10 Mg Nasal Spray for the Acute Treatment of Migraine in the USA: A Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Multicentre Trial","volume":"22","author":"Lipton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-013-9494-2","article-title":"Bioequivalence for Locally Acting Nasal Spray and Nasal Aerosol Products: Standard Development and Generic Approval","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c03530","article-title":"Development of Thermosensitive Mucoadhesive Gel Based Encapsulated Lipid Microspheres as Nose-to-Brain Rivastigmine Delivery System","volume":"41","author":"Achmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02439-x","article-title":"Thermoreversible Carbamazepine In Situ Gel for Intranasal Delivery: Development and In Vitro, Ex Vivo Evaluation","volume":"23","author":"Mohananaidu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirri, M., Maestrelli, F., Nerli, G., Mennini, N., D\u2019ambrosio, M., Luceri, C., and Mura, P.A. (2021). Development of a Cyclodextrin-Based Mucoadhesive-Thermo-Sensitive in Situ Gel for Clonazepam Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070969"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.10.008","article-title":"In Situ Mucoadhesive-Thermosensitive Liposomal Gel as a Novel Vehicle for Nasal Extended Delivery of Opiorphin","volume":"122","author":"Mura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105698","article-title":"Mucoadhesive Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Cannabidiol Nasal Delivery System for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"159","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115196","article-title":"Intranasal Drug Delivery: The Interaction between Nanoparticles and the Nose-to-Brain Pathway","volume":"207","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyuklieva, R., and Pilicheva, B. (2022). Micro- and Nanosized Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071706"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.09.027","article-title":"Opportunity and Challenges of Nasal Powders: Drug Formulation and Delivery","volume":"113","author":"Manniello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.05.002","article-title":"Spray Dried Powders for Nasal Delivery: Process and Formulation Considerations","volume":"176","author":"Henriques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2022.04.012","article-title":"Engineered Nasal Dry Powder for the Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"27","author":"Baldelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.123922","article-title":"An Overview of in Vitro and in Vivo Techniques for Characterization of Intranasal Protein and Peptide Formulations for Brain Targeting","volume":"654","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.35.889","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Using Excised Rat Nasal Septum","volume":"35","author":"Inoue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, Y., Inthavong, K., Qiu, D., Singh, N., He, F., and Tu, J. (2021). Prediction of Nasal Spray Drug Absorption Influenced by Mucociliary Clearance. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246007"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015830907632","article-title":"The Nasal Mucociliary Clearance: Relevance to Nasal Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Schipper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)00274-9","article-title":"Drug Effects on in Vivo Nasal Clearance in Rats","volume":"116","author":"Donovan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.01.032","article-title":"The Relationship between in Vivo Nasal Drug Clearance and in Vitro Nasal Mucociliary Clearance: Application to the Prediction of Nasal Drug Absorption","volume":"117","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.12.024","article-title":"A Thermosensitive Hydrogel Based on Quaternized Chitosan and Poly(Ethylene Glycol) for Nasal Drug Delivery System","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trenkel, M., and Scherlie\u00df, R. (2021). Nasal Powder Formulations: In-Vitro Characterisation of the Impact of Powders on Nasal Residence Time and Sensory Effects. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030385"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600680942","article-title":"Nasal Absorption of Propranolol in Rats","volume":"68","author":"Hussain","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.07.009","article-title":"Nasal Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery: Background, Applications, Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"57","author":"Ugwoke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seifelnasr, A., Si, X., and Xi, J. (2024). Assessing Nasal Epithelial Dynamics: Impact of the Natural Nasal Cycle on Intranasal Spray Deposition. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010073"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123341","article-title":"Olfactory Drug Delivery with Intranasal Sprays after Nasal Midvault Reconstruction","volume":"644","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowe, T.P., and Hsu, W.H. (2022). Evaluation of Recent Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems to the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030629"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00067-7","article-title":"Nasal Delivery Systems and Their Effect on Deposition and Absorption","volume":"29","author":"Kublik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-197506000-00011","article-title":"The Removal of Particles from the Nasopharyngeal (NP) Compartment of the Respiratory Tract by Nose Blowing and Swabbing","volume":"28","author":"Hounam","year":"1975","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-01076","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Ciliary Beat Frequency of the Rat Nasal Epithelium Using a High-Speed Digital Imaging System","volume":"36","author":"Inoue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1321659","article-title":"Development of a Soluplus Budesonide Freeze-Dried Powder for Nasal Drug Delivery","volume":"43","author":"Pozzoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00264","article-title":"Feasibility Investigation of Cellulose Polymers for Mucoadhesive Nasal Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"12","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.10.022","article-title":"In Vitro Characterization of Insulin Containing Thiomeric Microparticles as Nasal Drug Delivery System","volume":"81","author":"Deutel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.05.065","article-title":"Lipid\/Alginate Nanoparticle-Loaded in Situ Gelling System Tailored for Dexamethasone Nasal Delivery","volume":"533","author":"Dukovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.05.003","article-title":"Chitosan in Nasal Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Drugs","volume":"190","author":"Casettari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/7\/863\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:01:58Z","timestamp":1760032918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/7\/863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17070863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070863","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}