{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:42:00Z","timestamp":1760035320891,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CurifyLabs","award":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG1903","ID number 1232466","VMVFA22189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. Flavonoids are a vast class of phenolic substances. To date, approximately 6000 plant-origin flavonoids have been discovered, with many of them being used in drug therapy. Therapeutic flavonoids are commonly formulated to conventional \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d dosage forms, such as conventional tablets or hard capsules. However, the current trends in pharmacy and medicine are centred on personalised drug therapy and drug delivery systems (DDSs). Therefore, 3D printing is an interesting technique for designing and preparing novel personalised pharmaceuticals for flavonoids. The aim of the present study was to develop aqueous polyethylene oxide (PEO) gel inks loaded with rutin for semisolid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing. Methods. Rutin (a model substance for therapeutic flavonoids), Tween 80, PEO (MW approx. 900,000), ethanol, and purified water were used in PEO gels at different proportions. The viscosity and homogeneity of the gels were determined. The rutin\u2013PEO gels were printed with a bench-top Hyrel 3D printer into lattices and discs, and their weight and effective surface area were investigated. Results. The key SSE 3D-printing process parameters were established and verified. The results showed the compatibility of rutin as a model flavonoid and PEO as a carrier polymer. The rutin content (%) and content uniformity of the 3D-printed preparations were assayed by UV spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Conclusions. The most feasible aqueous PEO gel ink formulation for SSE 3D printing contained rutin 100 mg\/mL and Tween 80 50 mg\/mL in a 12% aqueous PEO gel. The 3D-printed dosage forms are intended for the oral administration of flavonoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T10:45:11Z","timestamp":1751539511000},"page":"878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Rutin Using Aqueous Polyethylene Oxide Gel Inks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Koshovyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50144 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Nutriciology, The National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyrki","family":"Hein\u00e4m\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50144 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6847-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Shpychak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Nutriciology, The National University of Pharmacy, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Meos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50144 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niklas Sandler","family":"Topelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CurifyLabs Oy, 00180 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ain","family":"Raal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50144 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200713184138","article-title":"Recent Research on Flavonoids and Their Biomedical Applications","volume":"28","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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