{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:13:46Z","timestamp":1791918826021,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation","award":["E-26\/203.921\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.921\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation","award":["E-26\/200.278\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.278\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation","award":["E-26\/200.279\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.279\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation","award":["309790\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309790\/2023-9"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["E-26\/203.921\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.921\/2024"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["E-26\/200.278\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.278\/2024"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["E-26\/200.279\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.279\/2024"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["309790\/2023-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309790\/2023-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Candidiasis, primarily caused by Candida albicans, and sporotrichosis, mainly caused by Sporothrix schenckii, are skin fungal infections that pose serious threats to global health. The Candida auris is a great concern in immunocompromised individuals, and while Sporothrix brasiliensis cause sporotrichosis, an infection commonly found in cats, this disease can be transmitted to humans through scratches or bites. Existing treatments for these fungal infections often cause problems related to resistance and significant side effects. Consequently, development of alternative therapeutic approaches such as nanotechnology-based topical lipid-based formulations is interesting. Thus, the objectives of this study were to prepare clove oil (CO)-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) containing amphotericin B (AmB) and characterize them with respect to stability, release profile, and in vitro cytotoxic activity against Candida and Sporothrix strains. As a future alternative for the treatment of fungal skin diseases. Methods: Chemical analysis of clove oil was obtained by GC-MS. The NEs were produced using an ultrasound (sonicator) method with varying proportions of CO, Pluronic\u00ae F-127, and AmB. The NEs were characterized by droplet size, morphology, stability and in vitro release profile. The antifungal and cytotoxic activity against C. albicans, C. auris, S. schenckii, and S. brasiliensis were ascertained employing agar diffusion and colorimetric MTT assay methods. A checkerboard assay was carried out using clove oil and amphotericin B against C. auris. Results: Eugenol was the major compound identified in CO at a concentration of 80.09%. AmB-loaded NEs exhibited particle sizes smaller than 50 nm and a polydispersity index below 0.25. The optimal Ne (NEMLB-05) remained stable after 150 days of storage at 4 \u00b0C. It exhibited rapid release within the first 24 h, followed by a slow and controlled release up to 96 h. NEMLB-05 more effectively inhibited C. auris compared to free AmB and also demonstrated greater activity against C. albicans, S. schenckii, and S. brasiliensis. Clove oil and amphotericin B presented synergism inhibiting the growth of C. auris. Conclusions: The selected CO-in-water NEs containing AmB demonstrated promising potential as a topical therapeutic alternative for treating fungal infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1752757251000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clove Oil-Based Nanoemulsion Containing Amphotericin B as a Therapeutic Approach to Combat Fungal Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1603-8391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel Lucas","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Gal\u00eanico, Farm\u00e1cia Universit\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula dos Santos","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Drug Technology-Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-7558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica da Silva","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia BIOINOVAR (Unidade de Biocat\u00e1lise, Bioprodutos e Bioenergia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatielle","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Gal\u00eanico, Farm\u00e1cia Universit\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph","family":"Santos-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Machado","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro 24210-201, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Paiva","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro 24210-201, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1619-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin Chimaobi","family":"Kenechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu 410105, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-4172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alane Beatriz","family":"Vermelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biotecnologia BIOINOVAR (Unidade de Biocat\u00e1lise, Bioprodutos e Bioenergia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2550-696X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ricci-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Desenvolvimento Gal\u00eanico, Farm\u00e1cia Universit\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123563","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo characterization of Miconazole Nitrate loaded transethosomes for the treatment of Cutaneous Candidiasis","volume":"647","author":"Rasool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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