{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:39:45Z","timestamp":1787589585230,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HK inno\u00b7N Corporation (Republic of Korea)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tegoprazan (TPZ) is a potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer, and Helicobacter pylori infection. It exists in three solid forms: amorphous, Polymorph A, and Polymorph B. This study investigates the molecular basis of polymorph selection, focusing on conformational bias and solvent-mediated phase transformations (SMPTs). Methods: The conformational energy landscapes of two TPZ tautomers were constructed using relaxed torsion scans with the OPLS4 force field and validated by nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Hydrogen-bonded dimers were analyzed using DFT-D. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility, and slurry tests were conducted using methanol, acetone, and water. Kinetic profiles were modeled with the Kolmogorov\u2013Johnson\u2013Mehl\u2013Avrami (KJMA) equation. Results: Polymorph A was thermodynamically stable across all analyses. Both amorphous TPZ and Polymorph B converted to A in a solvent-dependent manner. Methanol induced direct A formation, while acetone showed a B \u2192 A transition. Crystallization was guided by solution conformers and hydrogen bonding. Conclusions: TPZ polymorph selection is governed by solution-phase conformational preferences, tautomerism, and solvent-mediated hydrogen bonding. DFT-D and NMR analyses showed that protic solvents favor the direct crystallization of stable Polymorph A, while aprotic solvents promote the transient formation of metastable Polymorph B. Elevated temperatures and humidity accelerate polymorphic transitions. This crystal structure prediction (CSP)-independent strategy offers a practical framework for rational polymorph control and the mitigation of disappearing polymorph risks in tautomeric drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:33:27Z","timestamp":1752845607000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comprehensive Investigation of Polymorphic Stability and Phase Transformation Kinetics in Tegoprazan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joo Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"J2Hbiotech Inc., #210, B Dong, Suwon Venture Valley II, Suwon 16648, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Ah","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J2Hbiotech Inc., #210, B Dong, Suwon Venture Valley II, Suwon 16648, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J2Hbiotech Inc., #210, B Dong, Suwon Venture Valley II, Suwon 16648, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiwon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J2Hbiotech Inc., #210, B Dong, Suwon Venture Valley II, Suwon 16648, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Sung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tokutaro","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J2Hbiotech Inc., #210, B Dong, Suwon Venture Valley II, Suwon 16648, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/ar00052a005","article-title":"Disappearing Polymorphs","volume":"28","author":"Dunitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acc. 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