{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:22:49Z","timestamp":1790882569997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["956477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["956477"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropathic pain is a significant global clinical issue that poses substantial challenges to both public health and the economy due to its complex underlying mechanisms. It has emerged as a serious health concern worldwide. Recent studies involving dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation have provided strong evidence supporting its effectiveness in alleviating chronic pain and its potential for sustaining long-term pain relief. In addition to that, there has been ongoing research with clinical evidence relating to the role of small non-coding ribonucleic acids known as microRNAs in regulating gene expressions affecting pain signals. The signal pathway involves alterations in neuronal excitation, synaptic transmission, dysregulated signaling, and subsequent pro-inflammatory response activation and pain development. When microRNAs are dysregulated in the dorsal root ganglia neurons, they polarize macrophages from anti-inflammatory M2 to inflammatory M1 macrophages causing pain signal generation. By reversing this polarization, a therapeutic activity can be induced. However, the direct delivery of these nucleotides has been challenging due to limitations such as rapid clearance, degradation, and reduction in half-life. Therefore, safe and efficient carrier vehicles are fundamental for microRNA delivery. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of miRNA-based nano-systems for chronic neuropathic pain, focusing on their impact in dorsal root ganglia. This review provides a critical evaluation of various delivery platforms, including viral, polymeric, lipid-based, and inorganic nanocarriers, emphasizing their therapeutic potential as well as their limitations in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Innovative strategies such as hybrid nanocarriers and stimulus-responsive systems are also proposed to enhance the prospects for clinical translation. Serving as a roadmap for future research, this review aims to guide the development and optimization of miRNA-based therapies for effective and sustained neuropathic pain management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:33:27Z","timestamp":1752845607000},"page":"930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["MicroRNA-Based Delivery Systems for Chronic Neuropathic Pain Treatment in Dorsal Root Ganglion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ChIP Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosa","family":"Gigliobianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti and Pescara University, Via dei Vestini 1, 66100 Chieti, CH, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3925-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Casadidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChIP Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7657-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti and Pescara University, Via dei Vestini 1, 66100 Chieti, CH, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Censi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChIP Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Association for Study of Pain (2023, May 29). IASP Pain Definition. Available online: https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001365","article-title":"The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"160","author":"Scholz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.2","article-title":"Neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Colloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Z., Chu, H., Ma, J., Yan, Y., Zhang, X., and Liang, Y. (2018). The Regulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNAs: From Chronic Pain to Morphine Tolerance. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00080"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7215a1","article-title":"Chronic Pain Among Adults\u2014United States, 2019\u20132021","volume":"72","author":"Rikard","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000299281.57480.77","article-title":"The Role of Peripheral Nerve Surgery in the Treatment of Chronic Pain Associated with Amputation Stumps","volume":"121","author":"Ducic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-011817-044739","article-title":"Use and Misuse of Opioids in Chronic Pain","volume":"69","author":"Volkow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.04.022","article-title":"Physical exercise as non-pharmacological treatment of chronic pain: Why and when","volume":"29","author":"Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD007407","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.684621","article-title":"Chronic Pain and Addiction: Challenging Co-occurring Disorders","volume":"44","author":"Pohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","article-title":"Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain","volume":"156","author":"Vowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.01.006","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms Underlying Anxiety\u2013Chronic Pain Interactions","volume":"39","author":"Zhuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113020","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.113020","article-title":"Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and Chronic Pain","volume":"11","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1992","article-title":"The neuropathic pain triad: Neurons, immune cells and glia","volume":"10","author":"Scholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strickland, I.T., Richards, L., Holmes, F.E., Wynick, D., Uney, J.B., and Wong, L.F. (2011). Axotomy-Induced miR-21 Promotes Axon Growth in Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023423"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmr083","article-title":"Altered microRNA expression following sciatic nerve resection in dorsal root ganglia of rats","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000604","article-title":"MiRNA-Mediated Macrophage Polarization and its Potential Role in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response","volume":"46","author":"Essandoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21615","article-title":"The potential role of miRNA in regulating macrophage polarization","volume":"9","author":"Khayati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1108","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001108","article-title":"The role of micro-RNAs in neuropathic pain-a scoping review","volume":"8","author":"Belcher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmu090","article-title":"Circulating microRNA expression profile: A novel potential predictor for chronic nervous lesions","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.04.038","article-title":"MicroRNA-124 and microRNA-146a both attenuate persistent neuropathic pain induced by morphine in male rats","volume":"1692","author":"Grace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7671","article-title":"miR-183 cluster scales mechanical pain sensitivity by regulating basal and neuropathic pain genes","volume":"356","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00645-y","article-title":"Delivery of therapeutic miRNA using polymer-based formulation","volume":"9","author":"Ban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.23","article-title":"siRNA Versus miRNA as Therapeutics for Gene Silencing","volume":"4","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt191","article-title":"miR-7a alleviates the maintenance of neuropathic pain through regulation of neuronal excitability","volume":"136","author":"Sakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16079","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16079","article-title":"MicroRNA cluster miR-17-92 regulates multiple functionally related voltage-gated potassium channels in chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"8","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180800","article-title":"TLR8 and its endogenous ligand miR-21 contribute to neuropathic pain in murine DRG","volume":"215","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202532","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA-23a from dorsal root ganglia neurons binds to A20 and promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174480691667152","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806916671523","article-title":"MicroRNA-30b regulates expression of the sodium channel Nav1.7 in nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in the rat","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134365","article-title":"MiR-34a is differentially expressed in dorsal root ganglia in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"708","author":"Brandenburger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1192-z","article-title":"Intrathecal miR-96 Inhibits Nav1.3 Expression and Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Rat Following Chronic Construction Injury","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-143","article-title":"MicroRNA-124 as a novel treatment for persistent hyperalgesia","volume":"9","author":"Willemen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15117","article-title":"Epigenetic restoration of voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.2 alleviates nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/10799893.2020.1818091","article-title":"miR-140 ameliorates neuropathic pain in CCI rats by targeting S1PR1","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2342","article-title":"Overexpression of microRNA-141 relieves chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain via targeting high-mobility group box 1","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"501","article-title":"MicroRNA-142-3p relieves neuropathic pain by targeting high mobility group box 1","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1854","article-title":"MicroRNA-144 relieves chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain via targeting RASA1","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1215-4","article-title":"Chronic constriction injury-induced microRNA-146a-5p alleviates neuropathic pain through suppression of IRAK1\/TRAF6 signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.07.061","article-title":"Effects of miR-150 on neuropathic pain process via targeting AKT3","volume":"517","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2020.1732003","article-title":"Activating Sirt1 by resveratrol suppresses Nav1.7 expression in DRG through miR-182 and alleviates neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2529-4","article-title":"MiR-183-5p Alleviates Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain Through Inhibition of TREK-1","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.08.001","article-title":"MiR-216a-5p alleviates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats by targeting KDM3A and inactivating Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7103","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26526","article-title":"NEAT1 contributes to neuropathic pain development through targeting miR-381\/HMGB1 axis in CCI rat models","volume":"233","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2020.1723313","article-title":"miR-384-5p ameliorates neuropathic pain by targeting SCN3A in a rat model of chronic constriction injury","volume":"42","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01060-y","article-title":"Identifying a novel KLF2\/lncRNA SNHG12\/miR-494-3p\/RAD23B axis in Spare Nerve Injury-induced neuropathic pain","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"587","article-title":"miR-590-3p Alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain by targeting RAP1A and suppressing infiltration by the T cells","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d2375e","article-title":"Labat Lecture: The Primary Sensory Neuron","volume":"35","author":"Hogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.13.3.203","article-title":"THE PENETRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID INTO THE SPINAL GANGLIA, PERIPHERAL NERVES, AND PERIVASCULAR SPACES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM","volume":"13","author":"Brierley","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haberberger, R.V., Barry, C., Dominguez, N., and Matusica, D. (2019). Human Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00271"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00135-9","article-title":"Unexplained peculiarities of the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"82","author":"Devor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1379","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2005.05.006","article-title":"Post-transcriptional gene silencing by siRNAs and miRNAs","volume":"15","author":"Filipowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2936","article-title":"Gene silencing by microRNAs: Contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay","volume":"12","author":"Huntzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065062","article-title":"An Abundant Class of Tiny RNAs with Probable Regulatory Roles in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"294","author":"Lau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062961","article-title":"A Cellular Function for the RNA-Interference Enzyme Dicer in the Maturation of the let-7 Small Temporal RNA","volume":"293","author":"McLachlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1158803","article-title":"Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs","volume":"17","author":"Yi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03868","article-title":"TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing","volume":"436","author":"Chendrimada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00801-8","article-title":"Functional siRNAs and miRNAs Exhibit Strand Bias","volume":"115","author":"Khvorova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097434","article-title":"MicroRNA-Directed Cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA","volume":"304","author":"Yekta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.04.089","article-title":"Nerve injury-induced upregulation of miR-21 in the primary sensory neurons contributes to neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"435","author":"Sakai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, W., Liu, Y., Ge, X., Wang, J., and Wang, Z. (Biochem. Genet., 2025). Transcriptome Analysis of Non-coding RNAs and mRNAs in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of Peripheral Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain, Biochem. Genet., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-025-11066-7"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.Y., Wu, Z.J., Zhu, L.J., Niu, T.X., Liu, B., and Li, J. (2023). Emerging roles of miRNAs in neuropathic pain: From new findings to novel mechanisms. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1110975"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morchio, M., Sher, E., Collier, D.A., Lambert, D.W., and Boissonade, F.M. (2023). The Role of miRNAs in Neuropathic Pain. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030775"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golmakani, H., Azimian, A., and Golmakani, E. (2024). Newly discovered functions of miRNAs in neuropathic pain: Transitioning from recent discoveries to innovative underlying mechanisms. Mol. Pain, 20.","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069231225845"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., Shao, J., Zhao, Q., Ren, X., Cai, W., Li, L., Bai, Q., Chen, X., Xu, B., and Wang, J. (2017). MiR-30b Attenuates Neuropathic Pain by Regulating Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.3 in Rats. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00126"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.04.024","article-title":"MiR-30b-5p attenuates oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathic pain through the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 in rats","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, W., Zhao, Q., Shao, J., Zhang, J., Li, L., Ren, X., Su, S., Bai, Q., Li, M., and Chen, X. (2018). MicroRNA-182 Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Regulating Nav1.7 Following Spared Nerve Injury in Rats. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34755-3"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S425966","article-title":"An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved in Neuralgia","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Liao, Z., Lin, X., Wu, X., Chen, X., Bai, X., Zhuang, Y., Yang, Y., and Zhang, J. (2019). Overexpression of miR-146a Might Regulate Polarization Transitions of BV-2 Cells Induced by High Glucose and Glucose Fluctuations. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00719"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136043","article-title":"Targeting HMGB1-TLR4 signaling by miR-216a-5p elevation alleviates the inflammatory behavioral hypersensitivity","volume":"759","author":"Zhenzhen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S413264","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs Regulate Spinal Cord Injury-Related Neuropathic Pain via Neuroinflammation","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01841-5","article-title":"Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma","volume":"8","author":"Simeoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, A., Ardizzone, A., Giosa, D., Scuderi, S.A., Calcaterra, E., Esposito, E., and Capra, A. (2025). The Therapeutic Potential of MicroRNA-21 in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47020070"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"582","article-title":"MicroRNA-125b promotes the regeneration and repair of spinal cord injury through regulation of JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"22","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.03.011","article-title":"microRNA-210 negatively regulates LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines by targeting NF-\u03baB1 in murine macrophages","volume":"586","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.11.015","article-title":"Synchrotron radiation micro-CT as a novel tool to evaluate the effect of agomir-210 in a rat spinal cord injury model","volume":"1655","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6120","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14480","article-title":"LncRNA SNHG6 functions as a ceRNA to regulate neuronal cell apoptosis by modulating miR-181c-5p\/BIM signalling in ischaemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.209619.112","article-title":"MicroRNA-138 and SIRT1 form a mutual negative feedback loop to regulate mammalian axon regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.04.018","article-title":"Non-viral based miR delivery and recent developments","volume":"128","author":"Labatut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-083012-130404","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of RNA Interference","volume":"42","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.03.007","article-title":"Therapeutic potential for microRNAs","volume":"59","author":"Esau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4359","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of microRNAs: Current status and future challenges","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2010","article-title":"The Promise of MicroRNA Replacement Therapy","volume":"70","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25691","article-title":"Up-regulation of microRNA 506 leads to decreased Cl\u2212\/HCO3\u2212 anion exchanger 2 expression in biliary epithelium of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Banales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.05.025","article-title":"microRNA inhibitors: Natural and artificial sequestration of microRNA","volume":"407","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3503","article-title":"Targeting oncomiRNAs and mimicking tumor suppressor miRNAs: \u039dew trends in the development of miRNA therapeutic strategies in oncology (Review)","volume":"49","author":"Gambari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasgupta, I., and Chatterjee, A. (2021). Recent Advances in miRNA Delivery Systems. Methods Protoc., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/mps4010010"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1765770","article-title":"Challenges identifying efficacious miRNA therapeutics for cancer","volume":"15","author":"Segal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Momin, M.Y., Gaddam, R.R., Kravitz, M., Gupta, A., and Vikram, A. (2021). The Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of MicroRNA Therapeutics: A Multidisciplinary Viewpoint. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113097"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.10.007","article-title":"MicroRNA delivery through nanoparticles","volume":"313","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EN00812F","article-title":"Clearance of nanoparticles from blood: Effects of hydrodynamic size and surface coatings","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.02.027","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the kidney","volume":"321","author":"Oroojalian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayerossadat, N., Ali, P., and Maedeh, T. (2012). Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery. Adv. Biomed. Res., 1.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.98152"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.08.005","article-title":"Chitosan-based siRNA delivery systems","volume":"172","author":"Ragelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.11.006","article-title":"MiR-145 ameliorates neuropathic pain via inhibiting inflammatory responses and mTOR signaling pathway by targeting Akt3 in a rat model","volume":"134","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26453","article-title":"XIST accelerates neuropathic pain progression through regulation of miR-150 and ZEB1 in CCI rat models","volume":"233","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174480691984246","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806919842464","article-title":"MicroRNA-7a ameliorates neuropathic pain in a rat model of spinal nerve ligation via the neurofilament light polypeptide-dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-17","article-title":"Reduction of Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Protein in DRG by Vector Mediated miRNA Reduces Pain in Rats with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Liu, S., Wang, P., Guo, X., Qin, Z., Hou, H., and Tao, T. (2024). A novel microglia-targeting strategy based on nanoparticle-mediated delivery of miR-26a-5p for long-lasting analgesia in chronic pain. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02420-9"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20210564","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220210564","article-title":"Exosomes carried miR-181c-5p alleviates neuropathic pain in CCI rat models","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, Y., Li, P., Jia, Y., Zhang, K., Liu, M., and Jiang, J. (2024). Dorsal root ganglion-derived exosomes deteriorate neuropathic pain by activating microglia via the microRNA-16-5p\/HECTD1\/HSP90 axis. Biol. Res., 57.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00513-1"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.167646","article-title":"An overview of viral and nonviral delivery systems for microRNA","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-010-0063-4","article-title":"Lentiviral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Their Current Status and Future Potential","volume":"58","author":"Escors","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0007-z","article-title":"Lentiviral Delivery of miR-133b Improves Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice","volume":"54","author":"Theis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.K.W., Teng, Y., Wong, H.K., Ng, T.K., Huang, L., Lei, P., Choy, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., and Lam, D. (2011). MicroRNA-145 Regulates Human Corneal Epithelial Differentiation. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021249"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.09.025","article-title":"SNHG16 aggravates chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats via binding with miR-124-3p and miR-141-3p to upregulate JAG1","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)73358-4","article-title":"Crisis of adenoviruses in human gene therapy","volume":"355","author":"Teramato","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.103","article-title":"Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Transduction and Integration","volume":"16","author":"Schultz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-5-67","article-title":"Effective relief of neuropathic pain by adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of a small hairpin RNA against GTP cyclohydrolase 1","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1066","article-title":"Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02946F","article-title":"Non-viral nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of microRNA therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00104-y","article-title":"Nanodelivery of nucleic acids","volume":"2","author":"Mendes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.014","article-title":"Polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery","volume":"156","author":"Kauffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00397","article-title":"Effect of Polyplex Size on Penetration into Tumor Spheroids","volume":"20","author":"Casadidio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.09.020","article-title":"Nanomaterials for Therapeutic RNA Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11043","DOI":"10.1021\/cr5006793","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Using Polyplexes: A Journey of 50 Years (and Beyond)","volume":"115","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b01754","article-title":"Polymersomes for Therapeutic Delivery of Protein and Nucleic Acid Macromolecules: From Design to Therapeutic Applications","volume":"21","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35062a","article-title":"Simplifying the synthesis of dendrimers: Accelerated approaches","volume":"41","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmerston Mendes, L., Pan, J., and Torchilin, V. (2017). Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091401"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1775","article-title":"Design and development of polymers for gene delivery","volume":"4","author":"Pack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1021\/cr040002s","article-title":"Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide and Glycolide","volume":"104","author":"Bourissou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.043","article-title":"PLGA-based nanoparticles: An overview of biomedical applications","volume":"161","author":"Danhier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33648","article-title":"Polymer degradation and drug delivery in PLGA-based drug-polymer applications: A review of experiments and theories","volume":"105","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00212-2","article-title":"Paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: Preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro anti-tumoral activity","volume":"83","author":"Fonseca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.08.034","article-title":"PLGA nanoparticles simultaneously loaded with vincristine sulfate and verapamil hydrochloride: Systematic study of particle size and drug entrapment efficiency","volume":"350","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Liu, L., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., Xing, G., Wang, X., and Liu, M. (2022). Drug-loaded PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for cancer treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.990505"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.03.026","article-title":"PEG\u2013PLGA copolymers: Their structure and structure-influenced drug delivery applications","volume":"183","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2019-0462","article-title":"miRNA 146a-5p-loaded poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles impair pain behaviors by inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways in microglia","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NA00149K","article-title":"Optimization and characterization of miRNA-129-5p-encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to reprogram activated microglia","volume":"5","author":"Kalashnikova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casadidio, C., Peregrina, D.V., Gigliobianco, M.R., Deng, S., Censi, R., and Di Martino, P. (2019). Chitin and Chitosans: Characteristics, Eco-Friendly Processes, and Applications in Cosmetic Science. Mar. Drugs, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201905.0066.v1"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21210","article-title":"Wound Healing Dressings and Drug Delivery Systems: A Review","volume":"97","author":"Boateng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1021\/mp900004b","article-title":"Immunological Effects and Membrane Interactions of Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Pattani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) (2023, May 29). Clinicaltrails.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/home."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genedy, H.H., Delair, T., and Montembault, A. (2022). Chitosan Based MicroRNA Nanocarriers. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091036"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.11.004","article-title":"The influence of polymeric properties on chitosan\/siRNA nanoparticle formulation and gene silencing","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b01297","article-title":"siRNA Delivery with Chitosan: Influence of Chitosan Molecular Weight, Degree of Deacetylation, and Amine to Phosphate Ratio on in Vitro Silencing Efficiency, Hemocompatibility, Biodistribution, and in Vivo Efficacy","volume":"19","author":"Alameh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b09679","article-title":"Delivery of MicroRNAs by Chitosan Nanoparticles to Functionally Alter Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.100","article-title":"Glutathione targeted tragacanthic acid-chitosan as a non-viral vector for brain delivery of miRNA-219a-5P: An in vitro\/in vivo study","volume":"200","author":"Shamaeizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.011","article-title":"Chitosan polyplex mediated delivery of miRNA-124 reduces activation of microglial cells in vitro and in rat models of spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Louw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.16.7297","article-title":"A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: Polyethylenimine","volume":"92","author":"Boussif","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.03.047","article-title":"A brain-targeted rabies virus glycoprotein-disulfide linked PEI nanocarrier for delivery of neurogenic microRNA","volume":"32","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.014","article-title":"Cationic polyurethanes-short branch PEI-mediated delivery of Mir145 inhibited epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transdifferentiation and cancer stem-like properties and in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"159","author":"Chiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.11.018","article-title":"Synergistic effects of carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan, cationic polyurethane-short branch PEI in miR122 gene delivery: Accelerated differentiation of iPSCs into mature hepatocyte-like cells and improved stem cell therapy in a hepatic failure model","volume":"13","author":"Chien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.020","article-title":"miRNA oligonucleotide and sponge for miRNA-21 inhibition mediated by PEI-PLL in breast cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S84927","article-title":"A novel type of self-assembled nanoparticles as targeted gene carriers: An application for plasmid DNA and antimicroRNA oligonucleotide delivery","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.02.034","article-title":"Photoluminescent and biodegradable polycitrate-polyethylene glycol-polyethyleneimine polymers as highly biocompatible and efficient vectors for bioimaging-guided siRNA and miRNA delivery","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.011","article-title":"RVG peptide tethered bioreducible polyethylenimine for gene delivery to brain","volume":"155","author":"Son","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY01623H","article-title":"Intracellular redox potential-responsive micelles based on polyethylenimine-cystamine-poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) block copolymer for enhanced miR-34a delivery","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00357-1","article-title":"Evaluation of polyplexes as gene transfer agents","volume":"73","author":"Gebhart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.11.011","article-title":"miR-195 Has a Potential to Treat Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke through Neurovascular Protection and Neurogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.17.117","article-title":"A New Class of Polymers: Starburst-Dendritic Macromolecules","volume":"17","author":"Tomalia","year":"1985","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzmitruk, V., Apartsin, E., Ihnatsyeu-Kachan, A., Abashkin, V., Shcharbin, D., and Bryszewska, M. (2018). Dendrimers Show Promise for siRNA and microRNA Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030126"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1039\/B901839P","article-title":"Biomedical applications of dendrimers: A tutorial","volume":"40","author":"Mintzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70870","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA15716E","article-title":"Chondroitin sulfate-functionalized polyamidoamine-mediated miR-34a delivery for inhibiting the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2283","article-title":"Poly(amido amine) is an ideal carrier of miR-7 for enhancing gene silencing effects on the EGFR pathway in U251 glioma cells","volume":"29","author":"LIU","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48651","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48651","article-title":"Polymer nanocarriers for MicroRNA delivery","volume":"137","author":"Kapadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolu, B., Sanyal, R., and Sanyal, A. (2018). Drug Delivery Systems from Self-Assembly of Dendron-Polymer Conjugates \u2020. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071570"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, R., Santos, S., Igne Ferreira, E., and Giarolla, J. (2018). New Advances in General Biomedical Applications of PAMAM Dendrimers. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112849"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.13181","article-title":"Interplay of Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in PAMAM Dendrimers-Induced Neuronal Cell Death","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.01.032","article-title":"Generation-6 hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimers improve CNS penetration from intravenous administration in a large animal brain injury model","volume":"249","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.03.048","article-title":"A mechanistic view of lipid membrane disrupting effect of PAMAM dendrimers","volume":"118","author":"Wacha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S71101","article-title":"Study on the prostate cancer-targeting mechanism of aptamer-modified nanoparticles and their potential anticancer effect in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.41.351","article-title":"Effects of PAMAM dendrimers with various surface functional groups and multiple generations on cytotoxicity and neuronal differentiation using human neural progenitor cells","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.057","article-title":"Gadolinium-functionalized nanographene oxide for combined drug and microRNA delivery and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1163\/156856209X415828","article-title":"Co-delivery of as-miR-21 and 5-FU by Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Attenuates Human Glioma Cell Growth in Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.09.015","article-title":"Progress in microRNA delivery","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2015.06.008","article-title":"15 years on siRNA delivery: Beyond the State-of-the-Art on inorganic nanoparticles for RNAi therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Conde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titze de Almeida, S., Horst, C., Soto-S\u00e1nchez, C., Fernandez, E., and Titze de Almeida, R. (2018). Delivery of miRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotides in the Rat Striatum by Magnetofection with Neuromag\u00ae. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071825"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sukumar, U.K., Bose, R.J.C., Malhotra, M., Babikir, H.A., Afjei, R., Robinson, E., Zeng, Y., Chang, E., Habte, F., and Sinclair, R. (2019). Intranasal delivery of targeted polyfunctional gold\u2013iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic microRNAs for combined theranostic multimodality imaging and presensitization of glioblastoma to temozolomide. Biomaterials, 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119342"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2017.03.002","article-title":"Nanocarriers for microRNA delivery in cancer medicine","volume":"35","author":"Badiola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03317-9","article-title":"Nanoscale delivery systems for microRNAs in cancer therapy","volume":"77","author":"Boca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.11.022","article-title":"Size-dependent toxicity and cell interaction mechanisms of gold nanoparticles on mouse fibroblasts","volume":"217","author":"Coradeghini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.052","article-title":"Nano-carrier for gene delivery and bioimaging based on carbon dots with PEI-passivation enhanced fluorescence","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201002180","article-title":"Magnetoresponsive On-Demand Release of Hybrid Liposomes Formed from Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles and Thermosensitive Block Copolymers","volume":"7","author":"Katagiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, R., Gao, J., Wang, L., Hao, P., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Jiang, L., Wang, T., and Zhu, L. (2023). MicroRNA-146a negatively regulates inflammation via the IRAK1\/TRAF6\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in dry eye. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38367-4"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01091-6","article-title":"miR-124: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Central Nervous System Injuries and Diseases","volume":"42","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.798640","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of therapeutic genes: Focus on miRNA therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Muthiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, M.M. (2016). Getting miRNA Therapeutics into the Target Cells for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Mini-Review. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2016.00129"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10574","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201504913","article-title":"Single-Vehicular Delivery of Antagomir and Small Molecules to Inhibit miR-122 Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by using \u201cSmart\u201d Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.020","article-title":"Delivery of drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids using inorganic nanoparticles","volume":"156","author":"Luther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseinpour, S., Dai, H., Walsh, L.J., and Xu, C. (2023). Mesoporous Core\u2013Cone Silica Nanoparticles Can Deliver miRNA-26a to Macrophages to Exert Immunomodulatory Effects on Osteogenesis In Vitro. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13111755"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1602","article-title":"Rational design of cationic lipids for siRNA delivery","volume":"28","author":"Semple","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119693","article-title":"Hybrid lipid self-assembling nanoparticles for brain delivery of microRNA","volume":"588","author":"Campani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.09.009","article-title":"A pH-sensitive cationic lipid facilitates the delivery of liposomal siRNA and gene silencing activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"163","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1039\/b813869a","article-title":"Cationic amphiphiles: Promising carriers of genetic materials in gene therapy","volume":"38","author":"Srinivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/bc300381s","article-title":"The Headgroup Evolution of Cationic Lipids for Gene Delivery","volume":"24","author":"Zhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB03207B","article-title":"Advances in plant-derived edible nanoparticle-based lipid nano-drug delivery systems as therapeutic nanomedicines","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910603106","article-title":"Lipid-like materials for low-dose, in vivo gene silencing","volume":"107","author":"Love","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1391835","article-title":"Development and characterization of cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for co-delivery of pemetrexed and miR-21 antisense oligonucleotide to glioblastoma cells","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.09.005","article-title":"Dual drugs (microRNA-34a and paclitaxel)-loaded functional solid lipid nanoparticles for synergistic cancer cell suppression","volume":"194","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201208077","article-title":"Systemic Delivery of microRNA-34a for Cancer Stem Cell Therapy","volume":"52","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190619150221","article-title":"Lipid-Based Vectors for Therapeutic mRNA-Based Anti-Cancer Vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Guevara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201015666141031105234","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of Tumor Suppressor microRNA-1 by Transferrin-Conjugated Lipopolyplex Nanoparticles to Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Stem Cells","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3191","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of microRNA-29b by Transferrin-Conjugated Anionic Lipopolyplex Nanoparticles: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121941","article-title":"Lipid nanocapsules for intracellular delivery of microRNA: A first step towards intervertebral disc degeneration therapy","volume":"624","author":"Lepeltier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1021\/mp2002076","article-title":"MicroRNA Delivery by Cationic Lipoplexes for Lung Cancer Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0152","article-title":"Restitution of Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs Using a Systemic Nanovector Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Pramanik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.67","article-title":"Lipid-based Nanoparticle Delivery of Pre-miR-107 Inhibits the Tumorigenicity of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cationic lipid nanoparticles for therapeutic delivery of siRNA and miRNA to murine liver tumor","volume":"9","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2017.08.015","article-title":"Delivering the right message: Challenges and opportunities in lipid nanoparticles-mediated modified mRNA therapeutics\u2014An innate immune system standpoint","volume":"34","author":"Granot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326497","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/326497","article-title":"Liposomes for Use in Gene Delivery","volume":"2011","author":"Balazs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5373.78","article-title":"An Inverted Hexagonal Phase of Cationic Liposome-DNA Complexes Related to DNA Release and Delivery","volume":"281","author":"Koltover","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00878","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles Composed of Quaternary Amine\u2013Tertiary Amine Cationic Lipid Combination (QTsome) for Therapeutic Delivery of AntimiR-21 for Lung Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300596","article-title":"Time-dependent maturation of cationic liposome\u2013DNA complex for serum resistance","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, H., Drummen, G., and Mathivanan, S. (2016). Focus on Extracellular Vesicles: Introducing the Next Small Big Thing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020170"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igami, K., Uchiumi, T., Ueda, S., Kamioka, K., Setoyama, D., Gotoh, K., Akimoto, M., Matsumoto, S., and Kang, D. (2020). Characterization and function of medium and large extracellular vesicles from plasma and urine by surface antigens and Annexin, V. PeerJ Anal. Chem., 2.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-achem.4"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv084","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study","volume":"65","author":"Zaborowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willms, E., Caba\u00f1as, C., M\u00e4ger, I., Wood, M.J.A., and Vader, P. (2018). Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity: Subpopulations, Isolation Techniques, and Diverse Functions in Cancer Progression. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00738"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00109","article-title":"Drug Delivery with Extracellular Vesicles: From Imagination to Innovation","volume":"52","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Breakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, S., Guan, Y., Xie, A., Yan, Z., Gao, S., Li, W., Rao, L., Chen, X., and Chen, T. (2023). Extracellular vesicles: A rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery. J. Nanobiotechnol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01973-5"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0138","article-title":"Role of the immune system in neuropathic pain","volume":"20","author":"Malcangio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1073-0","article-title":"miRNA-23a\/CXCR4 regulates neuropathic pain via directly targeting TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome axis","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Tang, X.H., Pan, W., Xie, Z.M., Zhang, G.F., Ji, M.H., Yang, J., Zhou, M., and Zhou, Z. (2017). Spared Nerve Injury Increases the Expression of Microglia M1 Markers in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats and Provokes Depression-Like Behaviors. Front. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00209"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Narain, R., and Zeng, H. (2020). Hydrogels. Polymer Science and Nanotechnology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816806-6.00010-8"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Luna, V., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Reynoso, O. (2018). Encapsulation of Biological Agents in Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications. Gels, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels4030061"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109031","article-title":"Injectable halloysite-g-chitosan hydrogels as drug carriers to inhibit breast cancer recurrence","volume":"221","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.10.010","article-title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol)\u2013acrylamide hydrogels as load-bearing cartilage substitute","volume":"30","author":"Macias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1021\/mz5002355","article-title":"Hybrid Hydrogels with Extremely High Stiffness and Toughness","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Macro. Lett."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32613","article-title":"Artificial cartilage made from a novel double-network hydrogel: In vivo effects on the normal cartilage and ex vivo evaluation of the friction property","volume":"93A","author":"Arakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16071","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","article-title":"Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quazi, M.Z., and Park, N. (2022). Nanohydrogels: Advanced Polymeric Nanomaterials in the Era of Nanotechnology for Robust Functionalization and Cumulative Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23041943"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.12.024","article-title":"Controlling the adhesion and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells using hyaluronic acid-based, doubly crosslinked networks","volume":"32","author":"Jha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.06.035","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of tri-block poly(lactide)\u2013poly(ethylene glycol)\u2013poly(lactide) nanogels for controlled release of naltrexone","volume":"416","author":"Asadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2015.03.016","article-title":"Recent advances in synthetic polymer based hydrogels for spinal cord repair","volume":"19","author":"Trimaille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100466","article-title":"Functionalized Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01472-w","article-title":"Hydrogels for RNA delivery","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4497","article-title":"Self-assembled RNA-triple-helix hydrogel scaffold for microRNA modulation in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Conde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.052","article-title":"The promotion of bone regeneration through positive regulation of angiogenic\u2013osteogenic coupling using microRNA-26a","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0157-y","article-title":"Sustained miRNA delivery from an injectable hydrogel promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and functional regeneration after ischaemic injury","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, L.H., Gao, M., Lin, J., Wu, W., Wang, J., and Chew, S.Y. (2017). Three-dimensional aligned nanofibers-hydrogel scaffold for controlled non-viral drug\/gene delivery to direct axon regeneration in spinal cord injury treatment. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42212"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902099","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902099","article-title":"Gene-Hydrogel Microenvironment Regulates Extracellular Matrix Metabolism Balance in Nucleus Pulposus","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1902232","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902232","article-title":"Local Immunomodulation Using an Adhesive Hydrogel Loaded with miRNA-Laden Nanoparticles Promotes Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd6740","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd6740","article-title":"Injectable hydrogel with MSNs\/microRNA-21-5p delivery enables both immunomodification and enhanced angiogenesis for myocardial infarction therapy in pigs","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109806","article-title":"Sustained gene delivery from inflammation-responsive anti-inflammatory hydrogels promotes extracellular matrix metabolism balance in degenerative nucleus pulposus","volume":"236","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/7\/930\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:16Z","timestamp":1760033536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/7\/930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17070930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070930","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}