{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:52:28Z","timestamp":1781171548716,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has gained prominence for the manufacture of sustained-release oral dosage forms, yet the application of wax-based matrices and their resilience to alcohol-induced dose dumping (AIDD) remains underexplored. This study aimed to develop and characterise wax-based sustained-release felodipine formulations, with a particular focus on excipient functionality and robustness against AIDD. Methods: Felodipine sustained-release formulations were prepared via HME using Syncrowax HGLC as a thermally processable wax matrix. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and lactose monohydrate were incorporated as functional fillers and processing aids. The influence of wax content and filler type on mechanical properties, wettability, and drug release behaviour was systematically evaluated. Ethanol susceptibility testing was conducted under simulated co-ingestion conditions (4%, 20%, and 40% v\/v ethanol) to assess AIDD risk. Results: MCC-containing tablets demonstrated superior sustained-release characteristics over 24 h, showing better wettability and disintegration. In contrast, tablets formulated with lactose monohydrate remained structurally intact during dissolution, overly restricting drug release. This limitation was effectively addressed through granulation, where reduced particle size significantly improved surface accessibility, with 0.5\u20131 mm granules achieving a satisfactory release profile. Ethanol susceptibility testing revealed divergent behaviours between the two filler systems. Unexpectedly, MCC-containing tablets showed suppressed drug release in ethanolic media, likely resulting from inhibitory effect of ethanol on filler swelling and disintegration. Conversely, formulations containing lactose monohydrate retained their release performance in up to 20% v\/v ethanol, with only high concentrations (40% v\/v) compromising matrix drug-retaining functionality and leading to remarkably increased drug release. Conclusions: This study highlights the pivotal role of excipient type and constitutional ratios in engineering wax-based sustained-release formulations. It further contributes to the understanding of AIDD risk through in vitro assessment and offers a rational design strategy for robust, alcohol-resistant oral delivery systems for felodipine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1753352889000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wax-Based Sustained-Release Felodipine Oral Dosage Forms Manufactured Using Hot-Melt Extrusion and Their Resistance to Alcohol-Induced Dose Dumping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gerard","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dijia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0171-3304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taher","family":"Hatahet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Wales Medical School, Bangor University, Briganita Building, Sackville Road, Gwynedd, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin P.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Liu, D., Jones, D.S., and Andrews, G.P. 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