{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:47Z","timestamp":1760059967515,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3","award":["FID17-002","FID23-050","BDB-2023-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FID17-002","FID23-050","BDB-2023-010"]}]},{"name":"L\u2019Or\u00e9al-UNESCO 2024","award":["FID17-002","FID23-050","BDB-2023-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FID17-002","FID23-050","BDB-2023-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Curcumin is a promising therapy for glioblastoma but is limited by poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low blood\u2013brain barrier penetration. This study aimed to evaluate curcumin and six curcumin derivatives with improved activity against a glioblastoma cell line and favorable absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. Methods: Twenty-one curcumin derivatives were assessed and subjected to in vitro MTT cytotoxicity assays in SF268 glioblastoma and Vero cells. On the basis of the cytotoxicity results, six derivatives with the most favorable characteristics were selected for additional mechanistic studies, which included microtubule depolymerization, mitochondrial membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m), and BAX activation assays. ADMET properties were determined in silico. Results: Compounds 2\u20134, 6, and 11 demonstrated better activity (IC50: 0.59\u20133.97 \u00b5g\/mL and SI: 3\u201320) than curcumin (IC50: 6.3 \u00b5g\/mL; SI: 2.5). Lead derivatives destabilized microtubules, induced \u0394\u03a8m collapse, and activated BAX. In silico ADMET prediction analysis revealed that compounds 4 and 6 were the most promising for oral administration from a biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic point of view. Conclusions: Strategic modifications were made to one or both hydroxyl groups of the aromatic rings of curcumin to increase its physicochemical stability and activity against glioblastoma cell line SF268. Compound 4, bearing fully protected aromatic domains, was identified as a prime candidate for in vivo validation and formulation development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:50:03Z","timestamp":1753714203000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insights into the Structural Patterns in Human Glioblastoma Cell Line SF268 Activity and ADMET Prediction of Curcumin Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Coronado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johant","family":"Lakey-Beitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"},{"name":"Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4125-1661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisin","family":"Pecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Academic Affairs and Collaboration, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle G.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5475-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1508-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Samudio-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"PhD Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Panam\u00e1, Panama City 0819-07289, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7654-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Cruz-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arelys L.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. S. Jagannatha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF) Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram 522302, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmenza","family":"Spadafora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, City of Knowledge, Panama City 0843-01103, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), SENACYT, Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02069-w","article-title":"Cancer, metastasis, and the epigenome","volume":"23","author":"Kiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33587","article-title":"The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide","volume":"127","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"69","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkz038","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz038","article-title":"40 Years of Change in Age- and Stage-Specific Cancer Incidence Rates in US Women and Men","volume":"3","author":"Kehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30267-6","article-title":"Emerging cancer trends among young adults in the USA: Analysis of a population-based cancer registry","volume":"4","author":"Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"E59","article-title":"Cancer Incidence Projections in the United States Between 2015 and 2050","volume":"18","author":"Weir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01152-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2021.04.001","article-title":"Brain Metastases: An Update on the Multi-disciplinary Approach of Clinical Management","volume":"68","author":"Mitchell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochans, S., Cybulska, A.M., Simi\u0144ska, D., Korbecki, J., Kojder, K., Chlubek, D., and Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2022). Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme\u2013Literature Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14102412"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00476","article-title":"Key Clinical Principles in the Management of Glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Kotecha","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.10.010","article-title":"Brain malignancies: Glioblastoma and brain metastases","volume":"60","author":"Lah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.36401\/JIPO-23-34","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Glioblastoma: A Review on Current State and Future Directions","volume":"7","author":"Ser","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahm, C.G., van Linde, M.E., Enting, R.H., Schuur, M., Otten, R.H.J., Heymans, M.W., Verheul, H.M.W., and Walenkamp, A.M.E. (2020). The Current Status of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Neuro-Oncology: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030586"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2020.1817737","article-title":"Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for glioblastoma: Current progress, challenges and future outlook","volume":"13","author":"Gedeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhao, Z., Dai, W., Liao, K., Sun, Q., Chen, D., Pan, X., Feng, L., Ding, Y., and Wei, S. (2023). The Development of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1897.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0270-9","article-title":"Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: Shining from Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.02.011","article-title":"Curcumin and Colorectal Cancer: An Update and Current Perspective On This Natural Medicine","volume":"80","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Liu, Y., and Zhang, M. (2025). The beneficial effects of curcumin on aging and age-related diseases: From oxidative stress to antioxidant mechanisms, brain health and apoptosis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1533963"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04321-2","article-title":"The Effects of Fisetin and Curcumin on Oxidative Damage Caused by Transition Metals in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"62","author":"Oliinyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8200","article-title":"Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Targeting neuroinflammation strategies","volume":"38","author":"Azzini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_3","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin","volume":"595","author":"Menon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoi, V., Kyritsis, A.P., Galani, V., Lazari, D., Sioka, C., Voulgaris, S., and Alexiou, G.A. (2024). The Role of Curcumin in Cancer: A Focus on the PI3K\/Akt Pathway. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081554"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.06.010","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases","volume":"41","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, B.C., and Mittal, S. (2020). Antitumor Activity of Curcumin in Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249435"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z.J., Huang, S.Y., Zhou, D.D., Xiong, R.G., Zhao, C.N., Fang, A.P., Zhang, Y.J., Li, H.B., and Zhu, H.L. (2022). Effects and Mechanisms of Curcumin for the Prevention and Management of Cancers: An Updated Review. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081481"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1939-4","article-title":"High bioavailability curcumin: An anti-inflammatory and neurosupportive bioactive nutrient for neurodegenerative diseases characterized by chronic neuroinflammation","volume":"91","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, Y., Mojica-Flores, R., Moreno-Labrador, D., Cubilla-Rios, L., Rao, K.S.J., Fern\u00e1ndez, P.L., Larionov, O.V., and Lakey-Beitia, J. (2023). Polyphenols with Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Curcumin Derivatives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043691"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618785","article-title":"Unraveling Curcumin Degradation: Autoxidation proceeds through spiroepoxide and vinylether intermediates en route to the main bicyclopentadione","volume":"290","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"50","article-title":"Protective effects of accompanying proteins on light- and water-mediated degradation of Curcumin","volume":"5","author":"Farideh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Paramed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.01.004","article-title":"The pharmacology of curcumin: Is it the degradation products?","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1749","article-title":"Contribution of degradation products to the anticancer activity of curcumin","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabelli, P., Coppola, L., and Salvatore, M. (2019). Cancer Cell Lines Are Useful Model Systems for Medical Research. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081098"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686798","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of five cell lines derived from human malignant gliomas","volume":"75","author":"Rutka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024, September 20). PubChem Cell Summary for Cell Line SF268, SF268, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/cell\/4148."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carlo, A., Ronchi, D., Piastra, M., Tosca, E.M., and Magni, P. (2024). Predicting ADMET Properties from Molecule SMILE: A Bottom-Up Approach Using Attention-Based Graph Neural Networks. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060776"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1614023","article-title":"In silico evaluation of multispecies toxicity of natural compounds","volume":"44","author":"Sripriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170071","article-title":"Assessment of Novel Curcumin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Inflammation and Amyloid-\u03b2 Aggregation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"60","author":"Doens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.223531","article-title":"Evaluation of antiparasitic, anticancer, antimicrobial and hypoglycemic properties of organic extracts from Panamanian mangrove plants","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770.2020.1867865","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, ADMET, in vitro and in vivo studies of mixed ligand metal complexes from a curcumin Schiff base and lawsone","volume":"40","author":"Jeyaraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daina, A., Michielin, O., and Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0877","article-title":"Novel microtubule polymerization inhibitor with potent anti-proliferative and anti-tumor activity","volume":"69","author":"Arora","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzminska, J., Szyk, P., Mlynarczyk, D.T., Bakun, P., Muszalska-Kolos, I., Dettlaff, K., Sobczak, A., Goslinski, T., and Jelinska, A. (2024). Curcumin Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: Potential Applications in Cancer Treatment. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225321"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400889","article-title":"Bax translocation to mitochondria subsequent to a rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential","volume":"8","author":"Smaili","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0055-y","article-title":"BCL-XL overexpression promotes tumor progression-associated properties","volume":"8","author":"Trisciuoglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01001-3","article-title":"Increased apoptotic sensitivity of glioblastoma enables therapeutic targeting by BH3-mimetics","volume":"29","author":"Koessinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.1021\/jm2004046","article-title":"Curcumin recognizes a unique binding site of tubulin","volume":"54","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/8\/968\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:16:24Z","timestamp":1760033784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/8\/968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17080968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080968","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4923"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}