{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:34:38Z","timestamp":1792726478198,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a multidrug-resistant pathogen, poses a significant threat to global healthcare. This review evaluates the potential of marine algal metabolites as novel antibacterial agents against MRSA. We explore the clinical importance of S. aureus, the emergence of MRSA as a \u201csuperbug\u201d, and its resistance mechanisms, including target modification, drug inactivation, efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. The limitations of conventional antibiotics (e.g., \u03b2-lactams, vancomycin, macrolides) are discussed, alongside the promise of algal-derived compounds such as fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. These metabolites exhibit potent anti-MRSA activity by disrupting cell division (via FtsZ inhibition), destabilizing membranes, and inhibiting protein synthesis and metabolic pathways, effectively countering multiple resistance mechanisms. Leveraging advances in algal biotechnology, this review highlights the untapped potential of marine algae to drive innovative, sustainable therapeutic strategies against antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17080989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:29:02Z","timestamp":1753885742000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Algal Metabolites as Novel Therapeutics Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem Borie M.","family":"Ibraheem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem Mohammed","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Science College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neveen","family":"Abdel-Raouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9969-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nouf Mohammad","family":"Al-Enazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khawla Ibrahim","family":"Alsamhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hager Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023). 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