{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:25:44Z","timestamp":1790767544701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"\u201cCoordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brasil\u201d (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ungual disorders can impact quality of life, with onychomycosis and nail psoriasis being the most prevalent disorders among the general population. In humans, the main functions of the nail apparatus comprise protection against trauma, improvement of tactile sensations, and allowing precision gripping. In order to perform such functions, the nail plate has a hard structure formed by dead keratinized corneocytes tightly bound to each other, giving the nail plate a \u201cbarrier-like\u201d character. Due to this property of the nail plate, drug delivery to the region is hindered, making the treatment of ungual disorders difficult, either by systemic or topical drug administration. Many strategies have been developed in the last few decades in an attempt to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the nail. Interest in the employment of nanostructured drug delivery systems aiming to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the nail plate upon topical administration has increased. Moreover, the association of the nanotechnological approaches with other methods may be a beneficial strategy when aiming to increase drug permeation through the nail barrier. In this sense, the present review has the intention of presenting the panorama of the current technological development of nanostructured systems designed for the local treatment of ungual disorders. Through this extensive literature review, it was possible to recognize, among the studies, a lack of standardization regarding the methodology of nail permeation assessment, which imposes an obstacle to comparison.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1755247147000},"page":"1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanocarriers in Ungual Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila Porto","family":"de Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"de Oliveira Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tain\u00e1","family":"Kreutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1365-7602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdir Flor\u00eancio","family":"da Veiga J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Qu\u00edmica, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio, Urca, 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helder Ferreira","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Scherer","family":"Koester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1517\/17425240802497218","article-title":"Enhancing the Nail Permeability of Topically Applied Drugs","volume":"5","author":"Murdan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"252","article-title":"Drug Delivery through Nails: Present and Future","volume":"3","author":"Shanbhag","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Horiz. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1591-9","article-title":"Mechanistic Insights of Formulation Approaches for the Treatment of Nail Infection: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Approaches","volume":"21","author":"Vikas","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666190228104031","article-title":"Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"7","author":"Dhamoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2165\/11597000-000000000-00000","article-title":"Nail Psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2018.1518425","article-title":"Use of in Vitro Performance Models in the Assessment of Drug Delivery across the Human Nail for Nail Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.637931","article-title":"Ungual and Transungual Drug Delivery","volume":"38","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narasimha Murthy, S., and Maibach, H.I. (2012). Topical Nail Products and Ungual Drug Delivery, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12896"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Aulton, M.E., and Taylor, K.M.G. (2017). Aulton\u2019s Pharmaceutics E-Book: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2174\/1872211313666191030155837","article-title":"Recent Patents on Permeation Enhancers for Drug Delivery Through Nails","volume":"13","author":"Kreutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12592","article-title":"Understanding the Formidable Nail Barrier: A Review of the Nail Microstructure, Composition and Diseases","volume":"60","author":"Baswan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2014.929138","article-title":"Insights into Drug Delivery across the Nail Plate Barrier","volume":"22","author":"Saner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200218666170222150555","article-title":"Transdermal Drug Delivery: Opportunities and Challenges for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Using Nanocarriers","volume":"18","author":"Tekchandani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.12.022","article-title":"Topical and Cutaneous Delivery Using Nanosystems","volume":"247","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.10.026","article-title":"Drug Delivery into Microneedle-Porated Nails from Nanoparticle Reservoirs","volume":"220","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.008","article-title":"Enhancement of Tioconazole Ungual Delivery: Combining Nanocapsule Formulation and Nail Poration Approaches","volume":"535","author":"Flores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.010","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy Treatment of Onychomycosis with Aluminium-Phthalocyanine Chloride Nanoemulsions: A Proof of Concept Clinical Trial","volume":"173","author":"Morgado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.05.010","article-title":"A Study of the Treatment of Cutaneous Fungal Infection in Animal Model Using Photoactivated Composite of Methylene Blue and Gold Nanoparticle","volume":"15","author":"Tawfik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12945","article-title":"Formulation Evaluation of Ketoconazole Microemulsion-Loaded Hydrogel with Nigella Oil as a Penetration Enhancer","volume":"18","author":"Amra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-011-9742-7","article-title":"Microemulsion-Based Gel of Terbinafine for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: Optimization of Formulation Using D-Optimal Design","volume":"13","author":"Barot","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-012-0109-8","article-title":"Microemulsion-Based Antifungal Gel Delivery to Nail for the Treatment of Onychomycosis: Formulation, Optimization, and Efficacy Studies","volume":"2","author":"Barot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104157","article-title":"Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of Efinaconazole Loaded Poly(D, L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Nanocapsules for Targeted Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"80","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2015.1099059","article-title":"Novel Nail Penetration Enhancer Containing Vesicles \u201cNPEVs\u201d for Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Bseiso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4172\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000145","article-title":"D-Optimal Design and Development of Microemulsion Based Transungual Drug Delivery Formulation of Ciclopirox Olamine for Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"78","author":"Chouhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.08.115","article-title":"Voriconazole-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) for Drug Delivery in Deeper Regions of the Nail Plate","volume":"531","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2012.12.014","article-title":"Novel Topical Formulations of Terbinafine-HCl for Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"48","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0711-7","article-title":"Transungual Gel of Terbinafine Hydrochloride for the Management of Onychomycosis: Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Thatai","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.22931","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Caffeine Loaded Liposome and Ethosome Formulations for Transungual Application","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2015.1067892","article-title":"Terbinafine Hydrochloride Loaded Liposome Film Formulation for Treatment of Onychomycosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18638","article-title":"Strategies for the Enhancement of Nail Plate Permeation of Drugs to Treat Onychomycosis","volume":"37","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2019.1693579","article-title":"Nanomaterial and Advanced Technologies in Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"28","author":"Rabiei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.10.016","article-title":"Nanotechnology and the Transdermal Route: A State of the Art Review and Critical Appraisal","volume":"141","author":"Cevc","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA00387C","article-title":"Lipid-Based Nanoformulations in Onychomycosis Therapy: Addressing Challenges of Current Therapies and Advancing Treatment","volume":"15","author":"Prajapati","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2018.09.002","article-title":"Anatomy and Pathology of the Nail and Subungual Space: Imaging Evaluation of Benign Lesions","volume":"52","author":"Villota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rosen, M.R. (2015). Harry\u2019s Cosmeticology 9th Edition Volume One, Chemical Publishing Company. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaias, N. (1980). The Nail in Health and Disease, Appleton & Lange.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-7846-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21664","article-title":"Iontophoretically Enhanced Ciclopirox Delivery into and across Human Nail Plate","volume":"98","author":"Hao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001","article-title":"Keratin: Structure, Mechanical Properties, Occurrence in Biological Organisms, and Efforts at Bioinspiration","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357991772448","article-title":"Drug Permeation through the Three Layers of the Human Nail Plate","volume":"51","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleckman, P. (2005). Structure and Function of the Nail Unit. Nails, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141602356-2.50009-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.023218","article-title":"The Effect of Humidity on the Fracture Properties of Human Fingernails","volume":"211","author":"Farran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06127.x","article-title":"In-Vitro Permeability of the Human Nail and of a Keratin Membrane from Bovine Hooves: Prediction of the Penetration Rate of Antimycotics through the Nail Plate and Their Efficacy","volume":"49","author":"Mertin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00146.x","article-title":"Structure of Water, Proteins, and Lipids in Intact Human Skin, Hair, and Nail","volume":"110","author":"Gniadecka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.10.002","article-title":"Transungual Drug Delivery: Current Status","volume":"384","author":"Elkeeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2012v081n01ABEH004219","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: The Properties, Methods of Preparation and Promising Applications","volume":"81","author":"Koroleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00321-6","article-title":"Nail Morphology Studies as Assessments for Onychomycosis Treatment Modalities","volume":"245","author":"Repka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101774","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Novel Strategies for Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maskan Bermudez, N., Rodr\u00edguez-Tamez, G., Perez, S., and Tosti, A. (2023). Onychomycosis: Old and New. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050559"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"32","article-title":"Onychomycosis: An Updated Review","volume":"14","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2015.1037885","article-title":"Nanotechnological Approaches for the Effective Management of Psoriasis","volume":"44","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14840","article-title":"Management of Nail Psoriasis by Topical Drug Delivery: A Pharmaceutical Perspective","volume":"59","author":"Thatai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14314","article-title":"Management of Nail Psoriasis","volume":"46","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0564-5","article-title":"Nail Psoriasis: A Review of Treatment Options","volume":"76","author":"Pasch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-2247(14)50049-4","article-title":"Transungual Drug Delivery: An Update","volume":"24","author":"Shivakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"303","article-title":"Design and Development of Ciclopirox Topical Nanoemulsion Gel for the Treatment of Subungual Onychomycosis","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110387","article-title":"Validation of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Fluconazole and Riparin B in the Development of Lipid Nanoparticles Modified by \u03b2-Cyclodextrin: Application for in Vitro Characterization and Ex Vivo Studies of Nail Retention","volume":"200","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.25258\/ijddt.14.3.24","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticle Loaded Hydrogel Containing Antifungal Agent for the Treatment of Onychomycosis Using Factorial Design","volume":"14","author":"Farheen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Deliv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Suwaytee, S.H.M., Ben Hadj Ayed, O., Cha\u00e2bane-Banaoues, R., Kosksi, T., Shleghm, M.R., Chekir-Ghedira, L., Babba, H., Sfar, S., and Lassoued, M.A. (2024). Exploring the Antifungal Effectiveness of a Topical Innovative Formulation Containing Voriconazole Combined with Pinus sylvestris L. Essential Oil for Onychomycosis. Colloids Interfaces, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids8050056"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2024.100187","article-title":"Lesson from Nature: Zataria Multiflora Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Topical Gel Formulation against Candida-Associated Onychomycosis, a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"22","author":"Moazeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13839","article-title":"Rose Bengal\u2013Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Photodynamic Treatment of Trichophyton Species","volume":"100","author":"Bekmukhametova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"461","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Tolnaftate Loaded Topical Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"13","author":"Nagalakshmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Deliv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, I., Adin, S.N., Rashid, M.A., Alhamhoom, Y., Aqil, M., and Mujeeb, M. (2023). Linalool-Incorporated Synergistically Engineered Modified Liposomal Nanocarriers for Enhanced Transungual Delivery of Terbinafine against Onychomycosis. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16124424"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9955124","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9955124","article-title":"Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Topical Nanoliposomal Amphotericin B 0.4% Gel as a Potential Treatment for Onychomycosis: An Interventional Pilot Clinical Study","volume":"2023","author":"Firooz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, K.H., Rasheed, F., Naz, I., Ul Haq, N., Fatima, H., Kanwal, N., and Ur-Rehman, T. (2022). Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded Poloxamer 407 Gel for Transungual Delivery of Terbinafine HCl. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112353"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesharwani, P., Fatima, M., Singh, V., Sheikh, A., Almalki, W.H., Gajbhiye, V., and Sahebkar, A. (2022). Itraconazole and Difluorinated-Curcumin Containing Chitosan Nanoparticle Loaded Hydrogel for Amelioration of Onychomycosis. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7040206"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puri, V., Froelich, A., Shah, P., Pringle, S., Chen, K., and Michniak-Kohn, B. (2022). Quality by Design Guided Development of Polymeric Nanospheres of Terbinafine Hydrochloride for Topical Treatment of Onychomycosis Using a Nano-Gel Formulation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102170"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almuqbil, R.M., Sreeharsha, N., and Nair, A.B. (2022). Formulation-by-Design of Efinaconazole Spanlastic Nanovesicles for Transungual Delivery Using Statistical Risk Management and Multivariate Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071419"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, G., Nasr, M., Abdel Gaber, S.A., H\u00fcttenberger, D., and Fadel, M. (2022). Response Surface Methodological Approach for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy of Onychomycosis Using Chlorin E6 Loaded Nail Penetration Enhancer Vesicles. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2022.112461"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2144543","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl Chitosan Nail Lacquer of Ciclopirox-PLGA Nanocapsules for Augmented in Vitro Nail Plate Absorption and Onychomycosis Treatment","volume":"29","author":"Gaballah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, A., Raut, B., Khan, S., Mohamed, J.M.M., Al Fatease, A., Alqahtani, T., Alamri, A., Ahmad, F., and Krishnaraju, V. (2022). The Unique Carboxymethyl Fenugreek Gum Gel Loaded Itraconazole Self-Emulsifying Nanovesicles for Topical Onychomycosis Treatment. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14020325"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6676","article-title":"Antimycotic Nail Polish Based on Humic Acid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles for Onychomycosis","volume":"96","author":"Dantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125600","article-title":"Smart Antifungal Thermosensitive Chitosan\/Carboxymethylcellulose\/Scleroglucan\/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Onychomycosis Treatment","volume":"610","author":"Duman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01893-9","article-title":"Effect of Different Nail Penetration Enhancers in Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Terbinafine Hydrochloride for Treatment of Onychomycosis","volume":"22","author":"Abobakr","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120597","article-title":"Enhanced Nail Delivery of Voriconazole-Loaded Nanomicelles by Thioglycolic Acid Pretreatment: A Study of Protein Dynamics and Disulfide Bond Rupture","volume":"602","author":"Kloppel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s-Horv\u00e1th, B., Das, S., Salem, A., Nagy, S., B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi, A., K\u0151szegi, T., P\u00e1l, S., and Sz\u00e9chenyi, A. (2020). Formulation of Tioconazole and Melaleuca Alternifolia Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235544"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, R.R., Testi, M., Rossi, F., Silva Junior, J.O.C., Ribeiro-Costa, R.M., Bettini, R., Santi, P., Padula, C., and Sonvico, F. (2019). Ucu\u00f9ba (Virola Surinamensis) Fat-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Nail Drug Delivery of Ketoconazole: Development and Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11060284"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"4391","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Biomass of Cladosporium Cladosporioidesand Antifungalactivity against Pathogenic Fungi Causing Onychomycosis","volume":"19","author":"Lafta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Arch."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02099","article-title":"Cross-Linked Fluorescent Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Intradermal Controlled Release of Antifungal Drug\u2014A Therapeutic Approach for Onychomycosis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0528-9","article-title":"Terbinafine Hydrochloride Trans-Ungual Delivery via Nanovesicular Systems: In Vitro Characterization and Ex Vivo Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Elsherif","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.12.043","article-title":"An Innovative Polysaccharide Nanobased Nail Formulation for Improvement of Onychomycosis Treatment","volume":"100","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0831-0","article-title":"Enhanced Ungual Permeation of Terbinafine HCl Delivered Through Liposome-Loaded Nail Lacquer Formulation Optimized by QbD Approach","volume":"19","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0488-0","article-title":"Transungual Delivery of Ketoconazole Nanoemulgel for the Effective Management of Onychomycosis","volume":"17","author":"Mahtab","year":"2016","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0003","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Petals Extract of Rosa indica L., Its Formulation as Nail Paint and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity against Fungi Causing Onychomycosis","volume":"11","author":"Tiwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2013.878856","article-title":"A Novel Drug Delivery Gel of Terbinafine Hydrochloride with High Penetration for External Use","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9622-7","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Nanocapsule Suspensions Containing Tea Tree Oil on the Growth of Trichophyton Rubrum","volume":"175","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.10.021","article-title":"Nanoparticles-a Historical Perspective","volume":"331","author":"Kreuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(85)90057-4","article-title":"Ocular Therapy with Nanoparticulate Systems for Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Gurny","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102949","article-title":"Improving on Nature: The Role of Nanomedicine in the Development of Clinical Natural Drugs","volume":"83","author":"Bilia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2018.10.037","article-title":"Nano-Formulations for Transdermal Drug Delivery: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.10.001","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Vesicles and Particulate Carriers for Topical and Transdermal Application","volume":"106","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-014-0214-0","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: An Advanced Mode of Drug Delivery System","volume":"5","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2015","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(81)80064-9","article-title":"The Definition of Microemulsion","volume":"3","author":"Danielsson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1517\/17425240903071029","article-title":"Vesicular Carriers for Dermal Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Sinico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4103\/0110-5558.72415","article-title":"Therapeutic and Cosmeceutical Potential of Ethosomes: An Overview","volume":"1","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"613","article-title":"Ethosomes and Transfersomes: Principles, Perspectives and Practices","volume":"14","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102166","article-title":"Invasomes: Potential Vesicular Systems for Transdermal Delivery of Drug Molecules","volume":"61","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8453.135837","article-title":"Invasomes-Novel Vesicular Carriers for Enhanced Skin Permeation","volume":"4","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastiti, C.M.R.R., Ponto, T., Abd, E., Grice, J.E., Benson, H.A.E., and Roberts, M.S. (2017). Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics9040037"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/187221108786241679","article-title":"Microemulsions: A Novel Approach to Enhanced Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Talegaonkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Drug Deliv. Formul."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.09.004","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Promising Drug Delivery Systems for Future Clinics","volume":"12","author":"Beloqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.10.008","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Potential Use for Skin Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"71","author":"Szekalska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6684","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666171115112745","article-title":"SLN- and NLC-Encapsulating Antifungal Agents: Skin Drug Delivery and Their Unexplored Potential for Treating Onychomycosis","volume":"23","author":"Gratieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2017-0075","article-title":"Potential Enhancement and Targeting Strategies of Polymeric and Lipid-Based Nanocarriers in Dermal Drug Delivery","volume":"8","author":"Kahraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0286(02)00117-1","article-title":"Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting","volume":"6","author":"Hans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2006.11.009","article-title":"A Review of the Formation and Classification of Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Nanoparticulate Structures: Micelles, Nanospheres, Nanocapsules and Polymersomes","volume":"65","author":"Letchford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.003","article-title":"Advances in Psoriasis Physiopathology and Treatments: Up to Date of Mechanistic Insights and Perspectives of Novel Therapies Based on Innovative Skin Drug Delivery Systems (ISDDS)","volume":"239","author":"Sala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02776H","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-Based Supramolecular Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"5","author":"Verboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201501348","article-title":"Soft Supramolecular Nanoparticles by Noncovalent and Host-Guest Interactions","volume":"12","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of the Metals and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Dizaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Gomes, D., Esteruelas, G., Bonilla, L., Lopez-Machado, A.L., Galindo, R., Cano, A., Espina, M., Ettcheto, M., and Camins, A. (2020). Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020292"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0618-2","article-title":"Metallic Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization","volume":"15","author":"Shukla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti, D., Tampucci, S., Paganini, V., Burgalassi, S., Chetoni, P., Galv\u00e1n, J., Celandroni, F., and Ghelardi, E. (2022). Ciclopirox Hydroxypropyl Chitosan (CPX-HPCH) Nail Lacquer and Breathable Cosmetic Nail Polish: In Vitro Evaluation of Drug Transungual Permeation Following the Combined Application. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060801"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200122150248","article-title":"Formulations Based on Natural Ingredients for the Treatment of Nail Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Tampucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387936","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1387936","article-title":"Onychomycosis: Potential of Nail Lacquers in Transungual Delivery of Antifungals","volume":"2016","author":"Akhtar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.11.017","article-title":"Development of Topical Therapeutics for Management of Onychomycosis and Other Nail Disorders: A Pharmaceutical Perspective","volume":"199","author":"Elsayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1174691","article-title":"Emergence of Nail Lacquers as Potential Transungual Delivery System in the Management of Onchomycosis","volume":"13","author":"Kataria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/8\/1060\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1760034484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/8\/1060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17081060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]}}}