{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:27:00Z","timestamp":1788218820751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","award":["HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01-01"]}]},{"name":"European Research Executive Agency","award":["HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HORIZON-MSCA-2022-SE-01-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study presents the development and characterization of a novel thermoresponsive hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid (HA), poloxamer 407, cannabidiol (CBD), and colloidal silver (Ag), designed for topical antimicrobial therapy. Methods: The Ag-CBD complex was first synthesized and subsequently incorporated into a HA\u2013poloxamer gel matrix to produce a stable, sprayable formulation with suitable physicochemical properties for dermal applications. Results: The HA-Ag-CBD hybrid gel exhibited a physiological pH, a gelation temperature compatible with skin surface conditions, and favorable rheological behavior, including thixotropy and shear thinning\u2014critical for uniform application and retention under dynamic conditions. Release studies confirmed a sustained delivery profile, supporting prolonged local activity of CBD and colloidal Ag. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the HA-Ag-CBD hybrid gel retained potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC\/MBC) statistically comparable to those of the unencapsulated Ag-CBD complex. Against E. coli, the HA-Ag-CBD hydrogel exhibited primarily bacteriostatic activity, with a low MIC (9.24 \u03bcg\/mL) but a substantially higher MBC (387.35 \u03bcg\/mL), consistent with the intrinsic structural resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, bactericidal activity was more pronounced against Gram-positive strains, reflecting differential susceptibility related to bacterial envelope properties. CBD consistently demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy to colloidal Ag, while the Ag-CBD combination produced slightly enhanced, mainly additive effects, likely due to complementary membrane disruption and intracellular Ag+ ion activity. Cytotoxicity assays on normal human dermal fibroblasts confirmed that the HA-Ag-CBD hybrid gel maintained &gt;70% cell viability at therapeutically relevant concentrations, in accordance with ISO 10993-5:2009 guidelines, and effectively mitigated the inherent cytotoxicity of the Ag-CBD complex. Conclusions: The HA-Ag-CBD hybrid gel demonstrates strong potential as a biocompatible, multifunctional topical formulation for the treatment of infected wounds and skin lesions. Future work will focus on in vivo evaluation, assessment of skin permeation, and further development to support translational applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:56:51Z","timestamp":1757923011000},"page":"1189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sprayable Hybrid Gel with Cannabidiol, Hyaluronic Acid, and Colloidal Silver: A Multifunctional Approach for Skin Lesion Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Geta-Simona","family":"C\u00eerloiu (Boboc)","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1623-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina-Elena","family":"Segneanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Environmental Research, West University of Timi\u015foara (ICAM\u2013WUT), 4 Oituz Street, 300086 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1778-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovic Everard","family":"Bejenaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-1370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Ciprian","family":"V\u0103ru\u0163","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Maria","family":"B\u0103l\u0103\u015foiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1523-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"C\u0103lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea-Cristina","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiana","family":"B\u0103lu\u015fescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Dimitrie Mangeron Avenue, 700050 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dumitru-Daniel","family":"Herea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Research and Development for Technical Physics, 47 Dimitrie Mangeron Avenue, 700050 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Viorica","family":"Cioc\u00eelteu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Bi\u0163\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6338-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Dan","family":"Mogo\u015fanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3923-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Bejenaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rare\u015f Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M., Guo, H., Dong, X., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Shang, Q., and Wang, Q. (2024). Regulation of inflammation during wound healing: The function of mesenchymal stem cells and strategies for therapeutic enhancement. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1345779"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19145","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c08016","article-title":"New Insights in Topical Drug Delivery for Skin Disorders: From a Nanotechnological Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Raina","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buema, G., Segneanu, A.-E., Herea, D.-D., and Grozescu, I. (2024). Gels for Water Remediation: Current Research and Perspectives. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10090585"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segneanu, A.-E., Herea, D.-D., Buema, G., Bradu, I.A., Cepan, M., and Grozescu, I. (2025). Advanced Aerogels for Water Remediation: Unraveling Their Potential in Fats, Oils, and Grease Sorption\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11040268"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c01502","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Polymers for Water Treatment and Collection","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2008.04.025","article-title":"A novel poloxamers\/hyaluronic acid in situ forming hydrogel for drug delivery: Rheological, mucoadhesive and in vitro release properties","volume":"70","author":"Mayol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.044","article-title":"Antibacterial adhesive injectable hydrogels with rapid self-healing, extensibility and compressibility as wound dressing for joints skin wound healing","volume":"183","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Macedo, L.M., Santos, \u00c9.M.d., Milit\u00e3o, L., Tundisi, L.L., Ataide, J.A., Souto, E.B., and Mazzola, P.G. (2020). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L., syn Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) and Its Topical Applications: A Review. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9050651"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejenaru, L.E., Segneanu, A.-E., Bejenaru, C., Bradu, I.A., Vlase, T., Herea, D.-D., V\u0103ru\u0163, M.C., B\u0103l\u0103\u015foiu, R.M., Bi\u0163\u0103, A., and Radu, A. (2025). Thermoresponsive Gels with Rosemary Essential Oil: A Novel Topical Carrier for Antimicrobial Therapy and Drug Delivery Applications. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11010061"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.04.158","article-title":"Poloxamer-based stimuli-responsive biomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Zarrintaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, N., Dai, C.-Y., Mao, X., Lv, X., Gu, Y., Lee, E.-S., Jiang, H.-B., and Sun, Y. (2022). Poloxamer-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8060360"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666201106145022","article-title":"Application of Poloxamers for the Development of Drug Delivery System to Treat Leishmaniasis: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iaconisi, G.N., Lunetti, P., Gallo, N., Cappello, A.R., Fiermonte, G., Dolce, V., and Capobianco, L. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid: A Powerful Biomolecule with Wide-Ranging Applications\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210296"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chyli\u0144ska, N., and Maciejczyk, M. (2025). Hyaluronic Acid and Skin: Its Role in Aging and Wound-Healing Processes. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11040281"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00636-y","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: Comprehensive review of a multifunctional biopolymer","volume":"10","author":"Salih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Futur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"355","article-title":"Developing natural polymers for skin wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006472","article-title":"The Basic Science of Cannabinoids","volume":"138","author":"Sideris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00807-y","article-title":"Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox\u2013Gastaut Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Lattanzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12956","article-title":"Consensus panel recommendations for the optimization of EPIDIOLEX\u00ae treatment for seizures associated with Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"9","author":"Wechsler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114237","article-title":"Therapeutic and clinical foundations of cannabidiol therapy for difficult-to-treat seizures in children and adults with refractory epilepsies","volume":"359","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.3\/jmarcu","article-title":"The legalization of cannabinoid products and standardizing cannabis-drug development in the United States: A brief report","volume":"22","author":"Marcu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila Dom\u00ednguez, A., Ayerbe Algaba, R., Mir\u00f3 Canturri, A., Rodr\u00edguez Villodres, \u00c1., and Smani, Y. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Colloidal Silver against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9010036"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5923","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01439","article-title":"Medical Uses of Silver: History, Myths, and Scientific Evidence","volume":"62","author":"Medici","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-023-00494-w","article-title":"Colloidal silver against macrophage infections and biofilms of atypical mycobacteria","volume":"36","author":"Feizi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholamali, I., Vu, T.T., Jo, S.-H., Park, S.-H., and Lim, K.T. (2024). Exploring the Progress of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characteristics, and Wide-Ranging Applications. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17102439"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umpreecha, C., Bhalang, K., Charnvanich, D., and Luckanagul, J. (2023). Efficacy and safety of topical 0.1% cannabidiol for managing recurrent aphthous ulcers: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03886-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, B., Kaur, S., Naryal, S., Devi, A., Kathpalia, M., Shah, R.M., and Kaur, I.P. (2025). Nanoformulated cannabidiol for skin disorders: A GRADE-based systematic review of therapeutic evidence and efficacy. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2025.114784"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/iraa205","article-title":"Incorporation of Silver Nanoparticles in Hydrogel Matrices for Controlling Wound Infection","volume":"42","author":"Pangli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17742","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c03247","article-title":"Nonreleasing AgNP Colloids Composite Hydrogel with Potent Hemostatic, Photodynamic Bactericidal and Wound Healing-Promoting Properties","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16923","article-title":"Enhancement of polymer thermoresponsiveness and drug delivery across biological barriers by addition of small molecules","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, B., Arbab, A., Khan, S., Fatima, H., Bibi, I., Chowdhry, N.P., Ansari, A.Q., Ursani, A.A., Kumar, S., and Hussain, J. (2023). Recent progress in thermosensitive hydrogels and their applications in drug delivery area. MedComm Biomater. Appl., 2.","DOI":"10.1002\/mba2.55"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opri\u015f, O., Mormile, C., Lung, I., Stegarescu, A., Soran, M.-L., and Soran, A. (2024). An Overview of Biopolymers for Drug Delivery Applications. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14041383"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-024-04007-7","article-title":"Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites: Pioneering sustainable biomedical advancements in engineering","volume":"19","author":"Nandhini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrovic, S.M., and Barbinta-Patrascu, M.-E. (2023). Organic and Biogenic Nanocarriers as Bio-Friendly Systems for Bioactive Compounds\u2019 Delivery: State-of-the Art and Challenges. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247550"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70132","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.70132","article-title":"Bioactive Hydrogels (Bio-HyGs): Emerging Trends in Drug Delivery and Wound Healing Applications","volume":"36","author":"Thirumalaivasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00891-y","article-title":"The Potential Role of Cannabidiol in Cosmetic Dermatology: A Literature Review","volume":"25","author":"Kuzumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-023-09860-5","article-title":"Skin applications of cannabidiol: Sources, effects, delivery systems, marketed formulations and safety","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamenova, K., Momekova, D., Grancharov, G., Prancheva, A., Toncheva-Moncheva, N., Ivanov, E., Konstantinov, S., and Petrov, P.D. (2023). In Situ Gelling Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Formulation Comprising Cannabidiol-Loaded Block Copolymer Micelles for Sustained Drug Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216534"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"151","article-title":"Thermoreversible Pluronic\u00ae F127-based hydrogel containing liposomes for the controlled delivery of paclitaxel: In vitro drug release, cell cytotoxicity, and uptake studies","volume":"6","author":"Nie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segneanu, A.-E., Vlase, G., Lukinich-Gruia, A.T., Herea, D.-D., and Grozescu, I. (2022). Untargeted Metabolomic Approach of Curcuma longa to Neurodegenerative Phytocarrier System Based on Silver Nanoparticles. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112261"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapteva, M., Faro Barros, J., and Kalia, Y.N. (2024). Cutaneous Delivery and Biodistribution of Cannabidiol in Human Skin after Topical Application of Colloidal Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020202"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9925334","article-title":"Formation of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles: Capping Action of Citrate","volume":"103","author":"Henglein","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.03.071","article-title":"Conjugation of curcumin onto hyaluronic acid enhances its aqueous solubility and stability","volume":"359","author":"Manju","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Q., Guo, X., Li, L., Yu, C., Nie, L., Tian, W., Zhang, H., Huang, S., and Zang, H. (2020). Understanding hyaluronic acid induced variation of water structure by near-infrared spectroscopy. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58417-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1139\/cjc-2021-0352","article-title":"FTIR and Raman spectroscopic characterization of cannabinoids","volume":"100","author":"Tay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaskovich, M.A.T., Kavanagh, A.M., Elliott, A.G., Zhang, B., Ramu, S., Amado, M., Lowe, G.J., Hinton, A.O., Pham, D.M.T., and Zuegg, J. (2021). The antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01530-y"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niyangoda, D., Aung, M.L., Qader, M., Tesfaye, W., Bushell, M., Chiong, F., Tsai, D., Ahmad, D., Samarawickrema, I., and Sinnollareddy, M. (2024). Cannabinoids as Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic and Critical Review of In Vitro Efficacy Against Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111023"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abichabki, N., Zacharias, L.V., Moreira, N.C., Bellissimo-Rodrigues, F., Moreira, F.L., Benzi, J.R.L., Ogasawara, T.M.C., Ferreira, J.C., Ribeiro, C.M., and Pavan, F.R. (2022). Potential cannabidiol (CBD) repurposing as antibacterial and promising therapy of CBD plus polymyxin B (PB) against PB-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10393-8"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2024.00098","article-title":"A recent update on the antibacterial effects of distinct bioactive molecules derived from the Cannabis plant","volume":"14","author":"Werner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinh, H., Fernandes, K.E., Erpf, P.E., Clay, E.J.M., Tay, A.P., Nagy, S.S., Schaefer, S., Maharjan, R., Lenardon, M.D., and Multari, D.H. (2025). Uncovering the antifungal potential of Cannabidiol and Cannabidivarin. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013081"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, H.H., Romero-Urbina, D.G., Pierce, C., Lopez-Ribot, J.L., Arellano-Jim\u00e9nez, M.J., and Jose-Yacaman, M. (2015). Effect of silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans biofilms: An ultrastructural study. J. Nanobiotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-015-0147-8"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e137","article-title":"Effects of silver nanoparticles on primary cell cultures of fibroblasts and keratinocytes in a wound-healing model","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Li, Y., and Tjong, S.C. (2019). Bactericidal and Cytotoxic Properties of Silver Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020449"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-017-1169-1","article-title":"Environmentally Sustainable Synthesis of Catalytically-Active Silver Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxic Effect on Human Keratinocytes","volume":"28","author":"Sapkota","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-024-00915-7","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) modulates the transcriptional profile of ethanol-exposed human dermal fibroblast cells","volume":"65","author":"Gurgul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tassaneesuwan, N., Khongkow, M., Jansrinual, S., and Khongkow, P. (2025). Discovering the Potential of Cannabidiol for Cosmeceutical Development at the Cellular Level. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020202"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerasymchuk, M., Robinson, G.I., Groves, A., Haselhorst, L., Nandakumar, S., Stahl, C., Kovalchuk, O., and Kovalchuk, I. (2022). Phytocannabinoids Stimulate Rejuvenation and Prevent Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233939"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices\u2014Part 5: TESTS for In Vitro Cytotoxicity (Standard No. ISO 10993-5:2009). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/36406.html."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2025, July 25). Quality and Equivalence of Locally Applied, Locally Acting Cutaneous Products\u2014Scientific Guideline. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/quality-equivalence-locally-applied-locally-acting-cutaneous-products-scientific-guideline."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.02.013","article-title":"Thixotropic property in pharmaceutical formulations","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, E., and Villa, C. (2019). Poloxamer Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11120671"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116268","article-title":"Thermoresponsive systems composed of poloxamer 407 and HPMC or NaCMC: Mechanical, rheological and sol-gel transition analysis","volume":"240","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/9\/1189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:50Z","timestamp":1760035490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/9\/1189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17091189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]}}}