{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T02:26:46Z","timestamp":1783564006510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Szeged Open Access Fund","award":["No. 7997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 7997"]}]},{"name":"The University of Szeged Open Access Fund","award":["TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","award":["No. 7997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 7997"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Intranasal delivery is a promising approach for targeting the central nervous system (CNS); however, most of the drugs show poor permeability through the nasal mucosa. Nanocarriers such as liposomes can improve nasal drug absorption; however, the surface charge of liposomes has a key role in the nasal mucosal uptake process. Therefore, the present study aimed to formulate and compare the intranasal applicability of oppositely charged liposomes loaded with donepezil hydrochloride (DPZ) as CNS-active model compound using two different charge inducers, the negatively charged dicethyl phosphate (DCP) and the positively charged stearylamine (SA). Methods: Liposomes were prepared with a fixed phosphatidylcholine (PC)\/cholesterol (CH) 7:2 molar ratio, while the effect of DCP and SA was studied in a 0.5:2 molar ratio. The most important properties for intranasal administration were studied, e.g., colloidal parameters, drug release and permeability behavior, and mucoadhesion. Results: It has been revealed that the reduction in liposome vesicle size is directly proportional to the amount of DCP, while it is inversely proportional to the amount of SA. This was also supported by the drug release studies\u2014the lower vesicle size resulted in faster drug release. Both charge inducers increased the drug encapsulation efficiency (~60\u201380%) through tighter packing or increased spacing of the lipid bilayer structure. DCP also improved the in vitro nasal permeability compared to the initial DPZ solution. The positively charged SA showed more remarkable mucoadhesive properties than DCP. Conclusions: We can conclude that both charge inducers can be useful for improving nasal absorption of liposomal carriers, DCP in higher (PC:CH:DCP 7:2:2), while SA in lower concentrations (PC:CH:SA 7:2:0.5).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17101250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1758710382000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Comparative Study on Oppositely Charged Donepezil-Loaded Intranasal Liposomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elika","family":"Valehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9528-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorina Gabriella","family":"Dob\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Cs\u00f3ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Str. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666180104122347","article-title":"Development of a Nasal Donepezil-loaded Microemulsion for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: In vitro and ex vivo Characterization","volume":"17","author":"Espinoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. 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