{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:51:29Z","timestamp":1784357489248,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["202201AS070077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AS070077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Ketamine has demonstrated rapid and sustained antidepressant effects; however, its clinical utility is limited by the risk of addiction and systemic side effects. This study aimed to develop ketamine-loaded nanodroplets (Ket-NDs) with high encapsulation efficiency (EE) and stability for targeted low-dose intravenous (IV) administration in a mice model of depression. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) was employed to induce transcranial, region-specific drug release in the lateral habenula (LHb). Methods: Ket-NDs were synthesized using a thin-film hydration method with sonication and emulsification, incorporating perfluoropentane as the core material. Characterization was performed using light microscopy, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Drug EE and loading efficiency (LE) were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A chronic restraint stress model was established, and Ket-NDs were administered intravenously followed by LIFU targeting the LHb. Antidepressant efficacy and biosafety were systematically evaluated. Results: (1) Ket-NDs exhibited uniform spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution, as confirmed by DLS (particle size: 139.75 \u00b1 9.43 nm; Polydispersity index: 0.225 \u00b1 0.025) and cryo-SEM analysis (number-average diameter: 109.5 \u00b1 10.4 nm). The zeta potential was \u221215.93 \u00b1 5.906 mV, and the formulation remained stable under 4 \u00b0C storage. (2) Ket-NDs demonstrated high EE (78.25 \u00b1 16.13%) and LE (15.55 \u00b1 4.49%). (3) In depressive mice, IV administration of Ket-NDs followed by LIFU targeting the LHb significantly improved behavioral outcomes: increased locomotor activity in the open field test, elevated sucrose preference index, and reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test. (4) Safety assessments revealed no significant organ toxicity or brain tissue damage in ultrasound-exposed regions. Conclusions: In summary, this study developed stable Ket-NDs. When combined with LIFU, they enable precise regional drug delivery to the brain, showcasing a promising treatment strategy for depression with reduced systemic side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17101251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:39:42Z","timestamp":1758710382000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Antidepressant Effect of Targeted Release of Ketamine-Loaded Nanodroplets Stimulated by Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1976-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bailing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youzhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuran","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0416-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Depression Is the Leading Cause of Disability Around the World","volume":"317","author":"Friedrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures","volume":"34","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. 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