{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:10:19Z","timestamp":1776852619683,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024\u201300450135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024\u201300450135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2025-RISE-06-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-06-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles, which synergistically accelerate disease progression. Since A\u03b2 plaques and tau tangles are key factors in the development of AD, dual-targeting of A\u03b2 and tau aggregation represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Amodiaquine (AQ), a quinoline-based antimalarial, has recently attracted attention for its ability to suppress protein aggregation. However, direct effects of AQ on both A\u03b2 and tau aggregation remain unclear. Methods: The effects of AQ on the aggregation and dissociation of A\u03b2 and tau were examined using a thioflavin T (ThT) assays. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine binding characteristics and structural interactions. The effects of AQ on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by A\u03b2 and tau aggregation in BV2 microglial cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Results: ThT assay demonstrated a dose-dependent dual effect of AQ on A\u03b2, where 25 \u03bcM inhibited aggregation after 36 h, while 250 \u03bcM markedly accelerated it, reaching a plateau within 12 h. All concentrations of AQ promoted the disassembly of mature A\u03b2 fibrils within 12 h. Molecular docking revealed stronger binding of AQ to aggregated A\u03b2 (\u221245.17 and \u221223.32 kcal\/mol for pentameric 2BEG and hexameric 2NAO) than to monomeric A\u03b2 (\u22124.81 and \u22127.29 kcal\/mol for 1Z0Q and 2BEG). MD simulation suggested that AQ disrupted the cross-\u03b2-sheet interactions of A\u03b2 aggregates. In the case of tau, ThT assay showed that all concentrations of AQ inhibited tau aggregation from 6 h, and 350 \u03bcM AQ promoted the disassembly of mature fibrils from 6 h. Molecular docking indicated stronger binding of AQ to aggregated tau (\u221227.95 and \u221212.13 kcal\/mol for the pentameric and decameric 5O3L) than to monomeric tau (\u22123.05 kcal\/mol for 8Q96). MD simulations revealed no major structural changes in the aggregates. In BV2 cells, 1 and 10 \u03bcM AQ significantly reduced A\u03b2 and tau-induced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 mRNA expressions. In APP-H4 cells, 10 \u03bcM AQ decreased the level of A\u03b2 compared to the control. Conclusions: AQ modulates both A\u03b2 and tau aggregation and attenuates neuroinflammation and reduces A\u03b2 pathology, supporting its potential as a dual-target therapeutic candidate for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1762177678000},"page":"1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Amodiaquine Modulates Aggregation and Disassembly of Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau and Attenuates Neuroinflammatory Responses and A\u03b2 Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sinae","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Jung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1518-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5873-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Gyu","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choon-gil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flowmedi, 160 Techno 2-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34028, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2793-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunju","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9934-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Ho","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Brain Diseases Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si 28159, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunkwon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minho","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-018-0107-y","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease hypothesis and related therapies","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. 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