{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:08:08Z","timestamp":1792667288289,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase that plays a central role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis, immune cell trafficking, and cytokine activation. Dysregulated MMP-9 activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse conditions, including atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, neurodegeneration, and malignancy. Although broad-spectrum synthetic MMP inhibitors were initially developed as therapeutic agents, clinical trials failed due to lack of selectivity, poor tolerability, and impairment with physiological tissue repair. This outcome has shifted attention toward indirect pharmacological modulation of MMP-9 using drugs that are already approved for other indications. In this paper, we review the evidence supporting MMP-9 modulation by established therapeutics and adjunctive strategies. Cardiometabolic agents such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), metformin, and pioglitazone reduce MMP-9 expression and enzymatic activity, contributing to vascular protection, improved insulin sensitivity, and attenuation of aneurysm progression. Anti-inflammatory and respiratory drugs, including glucocorticoids, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors, macrolide antibiotics, montelukast, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), suppress MMP-9-driven airway inflammation and pathological tissue remodeling in asthma, COPD, and acute lung injury. Tetracycline derivatives, particularly sub-antimicrobial dose doxycycline, directly inhibit MMP-9 activity and are clinically validated in the treatment of periodontal disease and vascular remodeling. Hormone-related therapies such as rapamycin, estradiol, and tamoxifen exert tissue- and disease-specific effects on MMP-9 within endocrine and oncologic pathways. In parallel, nutritional interventions\u2014most notably omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins\u2014provide adjunctive strategies for mitigating MMP-9 activity in chronic inflammatory states. Taken together, these findings position MMP-9 as a modifiable and clinically relevant therapeutic target. The systematic integration of approved pharmacologic agents with lifestyle and nutritional interventions into disease-specific treatment paradigms may facilitate safer, context-specific modulation of MMP-9 activity and unveil novel opportunities for therapeutic repurposing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:11:16Z","timestamp":1762254676000},"page":"1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as a Therapeutic Target: Insights into Molecular Pathways and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Wolosowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, VERSITI Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Prokopiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomza, 14 Akademicka St., 18-400 \u0141om\u017ca, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-4171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz W.","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, VERSITI Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.12.003","article-title":"In vitro dose-dependent effects of matrix metalloproteinases on ECM hydrogel biodegradation","volume":"174","author":"Didwischus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499897","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2499897","article-title":"Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 attenuates kidney fibrosis and cellular senescence in the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease","volume":"47","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. 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