{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:57:18Z","timestamp":1789664238538,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China fund project","award":["U23A20501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20501"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China fund project","award":["32141005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32141005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To overcome the extremely low oral bioavailability of ginsenosides in traditional ginseng preparations, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel ginseng-derived carbon quantum dots (G-CQDs) delivery system and to elucidate its core bioactive constituents and integrated mechanisms of action. Methods: G-CQDs were prepared from ginseng roots via ultrahigh-speed nitrogen jet pulverization combined with far-infrared pulse-assisted hydrothermal carbonization. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The in vivo effects of G-CQDs versus traditional ginseng aqueous extract (G-AE) were compared in C57BL\/6 mice (n = 12\/group) using the PRO-MRRM-8 Comprehensive Laboratory Animal Monitoring System for real-time, non-invasive phenotyping of energy metabolism parameters (respiratory quotient, heat production, and oxygen consumption). Systemic exposure to ginseng bioactives was profiled using UHPLC-Q\/Orbitrap\/LTQ high-resolution mass spectrometry, followed by bivariate correlation analysis to identify key bioactive components linked to efficacy. Results: Compared with G-AE, G-CQDs significantly enhanced whole-body energy metabolism\u2014respiratory quotient +2.8%, heat production +6.7%, and locomotor activity +22.9% (p &lt; 0.05). A total of 110 in vitro constituents, 35 blood prototypes, and 29 metabolites were identified. Correlation analysis revealed eight core bioactive clusters linked to the metabolic benefits; all showed higher systemic exposure with G-CQDs (range +9.2% to +265.8%), notably ginsenoside Re +69.6%, cinnamic acid + O + SO3 +157.4%, and linolenic acid\u2013GSH conjugate +265.8%. Conclusions: Carbon quantum dot technology significantly enhances the systemic exposure of ginseng bioactivities by improving solubility and enhancing gastrointestinal absorption, providing a molecular basis for its superior efficacy in regulating energy metabolism compared to conventional extracts. This study establishes a novel framework for developing high-value, bioavailability-enhanced nano-preparations from traditional medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1763388247000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ginseng-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots Enhance Systemic Exposure of Bioactive Ginsenosides and Amplify Energy Metabolism in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Huiqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and Modern Chinese Medicines, National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese 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Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6952-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and Modern Chinese Medicines, National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiwu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classical formula and Modern Chinese Medicines, National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, 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Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-025-01693-w","article-title":"Speeding up ginseng growth to aid drug discovery","volume":"642","author":"Brazil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Targeting and reprogramming microglial phagocytosis of neutrophils by ginsenoside Rg1 nanovesicles promotes stroke recovery","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. 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