{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:35:00Z","timestamp":1791326100169,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaciones of Universidad Santiago de Cali","award":["DGI-01-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGI-01-2025"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaciones of Universidad Santiago de Cali","award":["939-621124-749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["939-621124-749"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Investigaciones of Universidad Santiago de Cali","award":["939-621122-071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["939-621122-071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Diltiazem hydrochloride (DH) is a calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and arrhythmias. Its short half-life and frequent dosing requirements limit patient adherence and cause plasma concentration fluctuations. Objective: This review critically examines recent pharmaceutical technologies and formulation strategies for modified-release dosage forms (MRDFs) of diltiazem hydrochloride, emphasizing their impact on pharmacokinetics, clinical performance, and regulatory aspects. Methodology: A structured literature review (2010\u20132025) was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, MDPI, and ACS Publications. Studies were selected based on relevance to solid oral MRDFs of DH and their associated manufacturing techniques. Results: Techniques including direct compression, granulation, extrusion\u2013spheronization, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and ionotropic gelation have enabled the development of hydrophilic matrices, coated pellets, microspheres, and osmotic systems. Functional polymers such as HPMC, Eudragit\u00ae, and ethylcellulose play a central role in modulating release kinetics and improving bioavailability. Conclusions: This review not only synthesizes current formulation strategies but also explores reverse engineering of ideal release profiles and the integration of advanced modeling tools such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and in vitro\u2013in vivo correlation (IVIVC). These approaches support the rational design of personalized, regulatory-compliant DH therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1763542207000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Controlled Release Technologies for Diltiazem Hydrochloride: A Comprehensive Review of Solid Dosage Innovations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Troches-Mafla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 760035, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1587-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constain H.","family":"Salamanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Ciencia de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medell\u00edn, Cra. 65 #59a-110, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Cecoltec, Cecoltec Services SAS, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yhors","family":"Ciro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 760035, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Actualizaci\u00f3n Del Uso de Los F\u00e1rmacos Antianginosos En El Tratamiento Del S\u00edndrome Coronario Cr\u00f3nico: Enfoque Pr\u00e1ctico","volume":"22","author":"Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. 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