{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:47:10Z","timestamp":1764154030696,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Inhalable monoclonal antibodies were explored as therapeutics for respiratory viral infections due to their high specificity, which, however, can become a drawback if virus mutational escape occurs. Serum-derived polyclonal antibodies for prophylaxis reflect the diverse response of the immune system, reducing susceptibility to virus mutations and targeting multiple epitopes. Objectives. The aim of this work was the development of inhalable powders containing serum of rats immunized against SARS-CoV-2. Methods &amp; Results. In a preliminary screening, combinations of sugar and an amino acid outperformed single excipients in terms of retention of protein size and residual moisture content. Four formulations were further developed on neat and albumin-depleted serum: HP\u03b2CD\/L-leucine in water, HP\u03b2CD\/L-leucine in phosphate buffer (KP), trehalose\/L-leucine in water and HP\u03b2CD\/glycine in KP. These were subsequently evaluated for aerosol performance and protein stability. All spray-dried formulations afforded respirable particles (MMAD \u2264 5 \u00b5m, FPF 70\u201380%), with L-leucine reducing hygroscopicity and particle aggregation while improving aerosol dispersibility. Conclusions. Albumin did not positively affect aerodynamic properties but provided greater protection of immunoglobulin activity (approximately 80% and 90% in albumin-depleted and neat serum, respectively). Buffer selection had no remarkable impact on the considered parameters. L-leucine with HP\u03b2CD offered the best balance of aerodynamic performance and protein stabilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:04:57Z","timestamp":1764151497000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spray-Dried Serum for Inhaled Antiviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3758-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saveria","family":"Germani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Preclinics GmbH, Wetzlarer Str. 20, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Polichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9716-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Garrapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics Italia srl, Via N. Sauro 3, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4011-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Trevisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism-National Council of Research, IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4664-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"F\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinics GmbH, Wetzlarer Str. 20, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3857-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruggero","family":"Bettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in Drug Products, Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze Pad. 33, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13237","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13237","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mortality in patients admitted with an infection with influenza A\/B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus or SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Boon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. 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