{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:39:41Z","timestamp":1792798781820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CIBER \u201cFragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable\u201d (CIBERFES) of the \u201cInstituto de Salud Carlos III\u201d","award":["PI21\/01935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01935"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"\u201cMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n\u201d, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of the use of extracellular vesicles (derived from different cellular sources and mammalian fluids) in regenerative medicine has produced interesting results. This includes their great potential for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers, which is related to their effects on migration, proliferation, inflammation and angiogenesis, among other processes. However, large-scale production of mammalian extracellular vesicles may be limited by the need to maintain cell cultures continuously, without losing their ability to secrete extracellular vesicles with regenerative capacity. This may require complex and expensive infrastructures. It is therefore necessary to identify other possible, more efficient alternatives that can be easily transferred to clinical practice. Among these substitutes are plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs). Fortunately, they resemble those of mammals, playing a role in cell communications. As expected, their compositions depend on source tissues and the physiological conditions of the plants. They may carry numerous molecules with high biological activity. Interestingly, PDEVs are easy to obtain on a large scale, have good stability and are less immunogenic than mammalian-derived EVs. Numerous preclinical studies indicate that they can enhance chronic-wound healing through their immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects, among others. Thus, this review aims to describe the current state of knowledge on the potential therapeutic use of PDEVs in wound healing. It also describes the methods of obtaining and applying them, as well as regenerative processes in which they may intervene. The information provided shows the need to continue advancing knowledge about the production, isolation and mechanisms of action of PDEVs. This will allow new effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic cutaneous ulcers to be developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1764318417000},"page":"1531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Use of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine Applied to Cutaneous Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Pulido-Escribano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-2670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Camacho-Cardenosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Dorado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Quesada-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology, and Physiotherapy, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cala\u00f1as-Continente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"G\u00e1lvez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Casado-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Service-GC17, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07429-3","article-title":"Superpowered Skin","volume":"563","author":"Gould","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2017.11.002","article-title":"Wound Healing","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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