{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T08:56:46Z","timestamp":1776329806318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM","award":["PAPIIT-IT201424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT-IT201424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The main objective of this study is to report the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using an aqueous extract from Pelargonium x hortorum (P. hortorum) leaves. It also aims to evaluate its biological activity as well as assess its cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Methods: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized through chemical precipitation using an aqueous extract from P. hortorum leaves. These CuONPs were characterized with various techniques, including UV\u2013Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The UV\u2013Vis spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak for CuONPs. FT-IR spectroscopy identified alkoxide and aromatic groups associated with flavonoids and phenolic compounds from P. hortorum. The Cu\u2013O bond was also observed in the same analysis. XRD confirmed that the CuONPs had a monoclinic CuO structure and XPS revealed copper was in the Cu (II) oxidation state bonded to oxygen, consistent with CuO. The nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 40\u201353 nm as shown by TEM. The biological activities of CuONPs were tested against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 20 \u00b5g\/mL. Cytotoxicity tests on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) after 24 h showed a non-linear, dose-dependent cell viability profile, indicating CuONPs did not exhibit cytotoxicity within the tested range and could even promote cell proliferation at low and intermediate concentrations. Conclusions: This study successfully synthesized CuONPs via a green method, highlighting its potential as a biocompatible antimicrobial and antifungal agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1764856410000},"page":"1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Geranium Pelargonium x hortorum Leaf Extract and Its Biological Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7891-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Guadarrama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Le\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0534-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Andrea","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ayuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Le\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-595X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Garza-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en \u00d3ptica, Le\u00f3n 37150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarahi","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Le\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma. Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Arenas-Arrocena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Le\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Berenice","family":"Aguilar-Guadarrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmicas-IICBA, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Susana","family":"Acosta-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Le\u00f3n, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Le\u00f3n 37684, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103927","article-title":"Ecofriendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Kei-Apple (Dovyalis caffra) Fruit and Their Efficacy against Cancer Cells and Clinical Pathogenic Microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08982E","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Biomolecule\u2013Nanoparticle Organizations Targeting Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"9","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00807A","article-title":"Nanomaterials: A Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties, Recent Progress, and Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Baig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04508","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application and Environmental Remediation","volume":"6","author":"Akintelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119453","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) Using Green Method to Promote Photocatalytic and Biocidal Applications","volume":"360","author":"Tahir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5101\/nbe.v13i3.p264-278","article-title":"The Fundamentals and Recent Applications of Micellar System Extraction for Nanoparticles and Bioactive Molecules: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Azooz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akpomie, K.G., Ghosh, S., Gryzenhout, M., and Conradie, J. (2021). One-Pot Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles via Chemical Precipitation: Bromophenol Blue Adsorption and Antifungal Activity against Filamentous Fungi. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87819-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102336","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Current Developments and Limitations","volume":"27","author":"Ying","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dikshit, P.K., Kumar, J., Das, A.K., Sadhu, S., Sharma, S., Singh, S., Gupta, P.K., and Kim, B.S. (2021). Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11080902"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.05.032","article-title":"Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Steviol Glycosides Production in Stevia rebaudiana","volume":"110","author":"Javed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.117","article-title":"Exploring Potential Environmental Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles","volume":"119","author":"Haider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116262","article-title":"Biosynthesis, Properties, and Applications of Green MnO2 Nanoparticles: A Critical Review","volume":"231","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-022-02574-8","article-title":"Bioengineered Cerium Oxide (CeO2) Nanoparticles and Their Applications","volume":"13","author":"Pansambal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s41204-024-00374-9","article-title":"Green Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Elemike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111858","article-title":"Plant Extract\u2013Mediated Biosynthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"203","author":"Cuong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111088","article-title":"Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles for Biological Applications","volume":"152","author":"Murugan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-R\u00e1bago, K.M., Rivera-Mendoza, D., Vilchis-Nestor, A.R., Juarez-Moreno, K., and Castro-Longoria, E. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized CuONPs Using Ganoderma sessile. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0734.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tshireletso, P., Ateba, C.N., and Fayemi, O.E. (2021). Spectroscopic and Antibacterial Properties of CuONPs from Citrus Peels. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030586"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri, B. (2024). The geranium genus: A comprehensive study on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological importance. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2024.103940"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29784","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA00201B","article-title":"Biological Responses of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Pelargonium x hortorum","volume":"13","author":"Manisekaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.10.025","article-title":"Use of Composts for Geranium Cultivation","volume":"228","author":"Massa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.26538\/tjnpr\/v6i10.2","article-title":"Traditional Uses of Pelargonium graveolens","volume":"6","author":"Amel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, A.A., El Raey, M.A., Abdelsalam, E., Ibrahim, A.M., Alqahtani, O., Torky, Z.A., and Attia, H.G. (2022). The Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles\u2019 Antiviral Activity in Combination with Pelargonium zonale Extract against the Human Corona 229E Virus. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238362"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20228105","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2022-8105","article-title":"Geranium leaf-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their transcriptomic effects on Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22035","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04140B","article-title":"Enhancing the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria by using Pelargonium sidoides DC extract in microwave assisted green synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Chaker","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2021.108553","article-title":"Extracts of Pelargonium hortorum: A natural and efficient fluid for fast and eco-friendly biosynthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles for antioxidant and photocatalytic applications","volume":"127","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2015.11.113","article-title":"Biosynthesis and In-Vitro Study of Gold Nanoparticles Using Mentha and Pelargonium Extracts","volume":"11","author":"Jafarizad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104795","article-title":"Biomedical and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Studies of Cymbopogon citratus\u2013Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs)","volume":"87","author":"Jabeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.09.044","article-title":"Sonochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Wongpisutpaisan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 31st ed (Standard No. CLSI Supplement M100)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.127233","article-title":"Soil Bacteria Cupriavidus sp. Mediates the Extracellular Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"1202","author":"Ameen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116319","article-title":"Eco-friendly approaches of mycosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushroom extracts and their biological applications","volume":"232","author":"Manimaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03678-5","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles using Halymenia dilatata extract and its evaluation of antimicrobial, anticancer activity","volume":"14","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123732","article-title":"Influence of Nano-Copper Oxide Concentration on Bactericidal Properties of Silver\u2013Copper Oxide Nanocomposite","volume":"580","author":"Ghorbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109961","article-title":"Facile Synthesis and Optimization of CuONPs Using Illicium verum and Polianthes tuberosa and Their Anticancer Activity","volume":"145","author":"Sisira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-018-0508-5","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ixiro coccinea Plant Leaves and its Characterization","volume":"8","author":"Vishveshvar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bionanoscience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badawy, A.A., Abdelfattah, N.A.H., Salem, S.S., Awad, M.F., and Fouda, A. (2021). Efficacy Assessment of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) on Stored Grain Insects and Their Impacts on Morphological and Physiological Traits of Whea (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030233"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Chemical Precipitation Method","volume":"2","author":"Luna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Access Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100250","article-title":"Synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) via coprecipitation method: Tailoring structural and optical properties of CuO nanoparticles for optoelectronic device applications","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104117","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles utilizing waste fish scale and exploitation of XRD peak profile analysis for approximating the structural parameters","volume":"15","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, F., Sun, Y., Yu, W., Lu, Y., Hao, J., Cong, R., Ge, M., Shi, J., and Dai, N. (2020). Sensing Properties and Mechanism of CuO Nanoparticles to H2S Gas. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10040774"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e20160460","article-title":"Synthesis and Impregnation of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Activated Carbon through Green Synthesis for Water Pollutant Removal","volume":"21","author":"Peternela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2021.124981","article-title":"Electronic structure comparison of Cu 2p and O 1s X-Ray photoelectron spectra for CuxO nanofibers (x = 1, 2, i)","volume":"272","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.07.086","article-title":"Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn","volume":"257","author":"Biesinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10947-008-0133-1","article-title":"XPS, UPS and STM Studies of Nanostructured CuO Films","volume":"49","author":"Stadnichenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53229","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10397A","article-title":"Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds catalyzed by biogenic CuO nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Tamuly","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, V.W., Nizami, M.Z.I., Yin, I.X., Yu, O.Y., Lung, C.Y.K., and Chu, C.H. (2022). Application of Copper Nanoparticles in Dentistry. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050805"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ameh, T., Gibb, M., Stevens, D., Pradhan, S.H., Braswell, E., and Sayes, C.M. (2022). Silver and Copper Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress in Bacteria and Mammalian Cells. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142402"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma\u0165\u00e1tkov\u00e1, O., Michailidu, J., Mi\u0161kovsk\u00e1, A., Kolouchov\u00e1, I., Mas\u00e1k, J., and \u010cejkov\u00e1, A. (2022). Antimicrobial properties and applications of metal nanoparticles biosynthesized by green methods. Biotechnol. Adv., 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2022.107905"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"60","article-title":"Copper-Based Biomaterials for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Wu, J., Pei, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, Z., Chen, J., Wang, J., and Wang, J. (2023). Ten-Gram-Scale Green Synthesis of Copper-Based Bio-MOF for Enhanced Vascularized Bone Regeneration. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4945724"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, C., Thirupathi, A., Corr\u00eaa, M.E.A.B., Gu, Y., and Silveira, P.C.L. (2022). The Use of Metallic Nanoparticles in Wound Healing: New Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315376"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iavicoli, I., Leso, V., Fontana, L., and Calabrese, E.J. (2018). Nanoparticle Exposure and Hormetic Dose\u2013Responses: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030805"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkab047","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab047","article-title":"Role of copper nanoparticles in wound healing for chronic wounds: Literature review","volume":"10","author":"Salvo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/12\/1562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:02:31Z","timestamp":1764856951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/17\/12\/1562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics17121562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]}}}