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These properties that underpin mycobacterial pathogenicity also render the MA biosynthetic pathway a rich resource of targets for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Concurrently, in the realm of industrial biotechnology, engineered non-pathogenic mycobacteria are being optimized for steroid drug bioproduction through strategic modulation of the MA pathway to enhance cell permeability and boost the yield of desired products. This review systematically delineates the MA biosynthetic pathway and its critical enzymes. It further summarizes recent progress in developing anti-tuberculosis therapeutics that inhibit these enzymes and discusses innovative engineering strategies that harness the same pathway of non-pathogenic mycobacteria for green steroid drug manufacturing. By bridging these two distinct fields, the review provides a holistic perspective and novel insights for advancing both infectious disease control and sustainable pharmaceutical production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Biosynthetic Pathway of Mycolic Acids: Dual-Function Targets for Tuberculosis Therapeutics and Green Steroid Drugs Biomanufacturing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8990-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yupan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Fermentation Engineering and Future Foods, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Fermentation Engineering and Future Foods, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanting","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Fermentation Engineering and Future Foods, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3558-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengding","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2161-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiyao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Fermentation Engineering and Future Foods, School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, No. 100, Daxuedong Road, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lory, S. 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