{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1782969384109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P-MIP-20-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-MIP-20-36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The ineffectiveness of current treatments for glioblastoma underscores the urgent need for effective alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of sodium dichloroacetate (NaDCA) and a sodium valproate NaDCA combination (NaVPA\u2013NaDCA) on formed patients\u2019 primary cell tumors on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Methods: Glioblastoma tissue samples were obtained from three patients during tumor surgery. WHO grade IV, IDH wild-type, and a strong positive cytoplasmic GFAP reaction in tumor cells characterized the investigated glioblastoma cases. The tumor cells GBM2-2F, GBM2-3F, and GBM-4M from the patients were examined. Histological examination of tumor invasion into CAM, angiogenesis, and immunohistochemical expression of GFAP-, PCNA-, p53-, EZH2- and vimentin-positive cells were examined. Results: No difference in GFAP expression was observed between the patient\u2019s GBM tumor tissue and the tumor formed on CAM from the same patient\u2019s tumor cells. There were no significant differences in invasion or in the frequency of GFAP- and p53-positive cells among the study control groups. The expression of PCNA-, EZH2-, and vimentin-positive cells in control tumors varied significantly. Treatment significantly reduced the incidence of tumor invasion in GBM2-2F and GBM2-4M and did not affect GBM2-3F tumors; treatment also significantly reduced GFAP expression in GBM2-3F and GBM2-4M and did not affect GBM2-2F tumors. The treatment with NaVPA\u2013NaDCA significantly reduced the expression of PCNA, p53, EZH2 and vimentin in the tested tumors. Conclusions: Data demonstrated an antitumor effect of NaVPA\u2013NaDCA in an in vivo model of a patient\u2019s primary glioblastoma cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Treatment with a Combination of Dichloroacetate and Valproic Acid on Adult Glioblastoma Patient-Derived Primary Cells Xenografts on the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-168X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u016bta","family":"Skred\u0117nien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-7050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatas","family":"Staki\u0161aitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidanas","family":"Preik\u0161aitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Neurosurgery, Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelija","family":"Valan\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2736-3111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaiva","family":"Lesauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrida","family":"Balnyt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz150","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012\u20132016","volume":"21","author":"Ostrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalamarty, S.S.K., Filipczak, N., Li, X., Subhan, M.A., Parveen, F., Ataide, J.A., Rajmalani, B.A., and Torchilin, V.P. 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