{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:14:42Z","timestamp":1789737282086,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIUI-DDRSP2501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIUI-DDRSP2501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder marked by impaired insulin action, pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction, and the involvement of several interconnected mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic alterations. Despite progress in conventional therapies, achieving durable glycemic control and minimizing complications remain major challenges. This review discusses the emerging role of bioactive phytochemicals\u2014such as curcumin, berberine, resveratrol, flavonoids, and polysaccharides\u2014in modulating essential molecular pathways including AMPK, PI3K\/AKT, and cAMP\/PKA, which contribute to enhanced insulin sensitivity, glucose regulation, and \u03b2-cell protection. These natural compounds also influence gut microbiota modulation and epigenetic mechanisms, offering additional metabolic and anti-inflammatory benefits. This review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024, incorporating bibliometric trends showing an increasing research focus on phytochemicals for T2DM management. However, limitations such as low solubility, instability, and poor absorption restrict their clinical application. Advances in nanotechnology-based delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions, have shown potential to overcome these barriers by improving stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of phytochemicals. The integration of gut microbiota modulation with nanocarrier-enabled phytochemical therapy supports a precision medicine approach for managing T2DM. Preliminary clinical evidence highlights significant improvements in glycemic control and inflammatory status, yet further large-scale, well-controlled trials are essential to ensure safety, optimize dosages, and standardize combination regimens. Overall, phytochemical therapies, reinforced by nanotechnology and microbiota modulation, present a promising, safe, and holistic strategy for T2DM management. Continued interdisciplinary research and clinical validation are crucial for translating these advances into effective therapeutic applications and reducing the global diabetes burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T16:21:13Z","timestamp":1768494073000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Harnessing Phytochemicals and Nanotechnology Synergy for Molecular, Epigenetic, and Microbiota-Driven Regulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gagan","family":"Prakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1506-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anis Ahmad","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6595-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruchita","family":"Tanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A. M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fehmi","family":"Boufahja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0359-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pushpender K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudarshan Singh","family":"Lakhawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7673-6127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejpal","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navneet Kumar","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9994-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K.B., Ostolaza, H., and Mart\u00edn, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilas-Boas, E.A., Almeida, D.C., Roma, L.P., Ortis, F., and Carpinelli, A.R. (2021). Lipotoxicity and \u03b2-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: Oxidative Stress Linked to NADPH Oxidase and ER Stress. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123328"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15019","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03772-w","article-title":"Early onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update","volume":"85","author":"Strati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popoviciu, M.S., P\u0103duraru, L., Yahya, G., Metwally, K., and Cavalu, S. (2023). Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310449"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Wu, Y., Yang, S., Zhu, D., Chen, F., Chen, J., Ji, X., and Hou, K. (2023). The global, regional and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the past, present and future: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1192629"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Wu, Y., Ni, Y., Xu, H., and He, Y. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by high BMI from 1990 to 2021, and forecasts to 2045: Analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1515797"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71908-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14285","article-title":"Burden of disease of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Cost of illness and quality of life estimated using the Maastricht Study","volume":"37","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15663","article-title":"Metformin: Therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabrdalik, K., Hendel, M., Irlik, K., Kwiendacz, H., \u0141oniewski, I., Bucci, T., Alam, U., Lip, G.Y.H., Gumprecht, J., and Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K. (2024). Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression of observational studies. BMC Endocr. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01727-w"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.40.163","article-title":"Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Modak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.90103","article-title":"Alternative therapies useful in the management of diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Pandey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"342","article-title":"A plant-based diet for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"McMacken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70086","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70086","article-title":"Tetracarpidium conophorum nuts (African walnuts) up-regulated adiponectin and PPAR-\u03b3 expressions with reciprocal suppression of TNF-\u03b1 gene in obesity","volume":"28","author":"Umoru","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeltino, A., Hatem, D., Serantoni, C., Riente, A., De Giulio, M.M., De Spirito, M., De Maio, F., and Maulucci, G. (2024). Unraveling the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Precision Nutrition and Personalized Medicine. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223806"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615619159","article-title":"Lifestyle and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Status Report","volume":"12","author":"Galaviz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciob\u00e2rc\u0103, D., C\u0103toi, A.F., Gavrila\u0219, L., Banc, R., Miere, D., and Filip, L. (2025). Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic (Dysfunction)-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020279"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-015-0109-9","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of type 2 diabetes by improving the quality of staple foods: The Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative","volume":"11","author":"Mattei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Fan, J., Su, Q., and Yang, Z. (2019). Cytokines and Abnormal Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00703"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerf, M.E. (2013). Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Front. Endocrinol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00037"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00896-4","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Shukla, A.K., Usman, K., and Banerjee, M. (2022). Epigenetic Alterations and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacological and Molecular Perspectives on Diabetes, Bentham Science Publishers.","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815040227122010004"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holter, M.M., Saikia, M., and Cummings, B.P. (2022). Alpha-cell paracrine signaling in the regulation of beta-cell insulin secretion. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.934775"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1070","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1759_24","article-title":"New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A Review Article","volume":"17","author":"Vybhavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00669-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology, phenotypes and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian and Chinese populations","volume":"18","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Courtney, C.H., and Olefsky, J.M. (2023). Insulin Resistance. Mechanisms of Insulin Action; Medical Intelligence Unit, Springer."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2024.61.012","article-title":"Insulin resistance and metabolic diseases\u2014A review","volume":"61","author":"Drabczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Muniyappa, R., Madan, R., and Varghese, R.T. (2025, August 30). Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans. Endotext, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK278954\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Jokelainen, J., Auvinen, J., Puukka, K., Kein\u00e4nen-Kiukaanniemi, S., J\u00e4rvelin, M.R., Kettunen, J., M\u00e4kinen, V.P., and Ala-Korpela, M. (2019). Insulin resistance and systemic metabolic changes in oral glucose tolerance test in 5340 individuals: An interventional study. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1440-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.109","article-title":"\u03b2-cell dysfunction: Its critical role in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Saisho","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i3.130","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: Implications of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Dludla","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.09.016","article-title":"Recent insights into mechanisms of \u03b2-cell lipo- and glucolipotoxicity in type 2 diabetes","volume":"432","author":"Lytrivi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalle, S., Abderrahmani, A., and Renard, E. (2023). Pharmacological inhibitors of \u03b2-cell dysfunction and death as therapeutics for diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1076343"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06499-z","article-title":"The role of the beta cell in type 2 diabetes: New findings from the last 5 years","volume":"68","author":"Yau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, S., and Remedi, M.S. (2024). Loss of \u03b2-cell identity and dedifferentiation, not an irreversible process?. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1414447"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1412","article-title":"Proteomic and Metabolomic Signatures in Prediabetes Progressing to Diabetes or Reversing to Normoglycemia Within 1 Year","volume":"48","author":"Barovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Ding, L., Cao, L., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Li, Z., Xia, Q., Yin, K., Song, S., and Wang, Z. (2025). Natural products targeting AMPK signaling pathway therapy, diabetes mellitus and its complications. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1534634"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"4529","article-title":"Research progress on the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in gynecological cancer (Review)","volume":"19","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2926","article-title":"Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in cancer","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4236\/ajmb.2022.124012","article-title":"Role of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Growth Factor Mediated Signal Transduction, with Specific Reference to MAPK\/Rasand p13k-Akt Containing Pathways in Oncogenesis: A Qualitative Database Review","volume":"12","author":"Uthayakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, R., Fang, X., Wei, J., Wu, H., Wang, X., and Tian, J. (2022). Akt: A Potential Drug Target for Metabolic Syndrome. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.822333"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.144","article-title":"Mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathways and novel anti-inflammatory targets","volume":"52","author":"Hommes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Liu, T., Dai, Y., Li, N., and Cao, Z. (2025). The role of ERK1\/2 signaling in diabetes: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1600251"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01705-z","article-title":"Targeting the RAS\/RAF\/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: From mechanism to clinical studies","volume":"8","author":"Bahar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01524-x","article-title":"cAMP-PKA\/EPAC signaling and cancer: The interplay in tumor microenvironment","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-025-01928-x","article-title":"Chemical biology approaches to resolve the subcellular GPCR signaling landscape","volume":"21","author":"Bock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202409027","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202409027","article-title":"Intersection of GPCR trafficking and cAMP signaling at endomembranes","volume":"224","author":"Ripoll","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Memon, Z., Hameed, A., Ul-Haq, Z., Ali, M., and Hafizur, R.M. (2025). Myricetin Amplifies Glucose\u2013Stimulated Insulin Secretion via the cAMP-PKA-Epac-2 Signaling Cascade. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061447"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): A comparison between oral and intraperitoneal administration\u2014An animal study","volume":"1","author":"Baset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Funct. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-015-0208-4","article-title":"Role of Fenugreek in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in prediabetes","volume":"14","author":"Gaddam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507453","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8507453","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effect of Fenugreek Seed Powder Solution (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on Hyperlipidemia in Diabetic Patients","volume":"2019","author":"Geberemeskel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60052-3","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency","volume":"3","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20160217044511","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and antioxidant effect of cinnamon in poorly controlled type-2 diabetic Iraqi patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Sahib","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, M.L., Bernardo, M.A., Singh, J., and de Mesquita, M.F. (2022). Cinnamon as a Complementary Therapeutic Approach for Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action: A Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132773"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"180","article-title":"Efficacy of Turmeric as Adjuvant Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"30","author":"Sridhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, F., Sarker, M.M.R., Ming, L.C., Mohamed, I.N., Zhao, C., Sheikh, B.Y., Tsong, H.F., and Rashid, M.A. (2019). Comprehensive review on phytochemicals, pharmacological and clinical potentials of Gymnema sylvestre. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01223"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7664","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3685","article-title":"Unlocking the anti-diabetic potential of Gymnema sylvestre, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and their combination thereof: An in-vivo evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Kashif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food. Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, S., Sarker, M.M.R., Sultana, T.N., Chowdhury, M.N.R., Rashid, M.A., Chaity, N.I., Zhao, C., Xiao, J., Hafez, E.E., and Khan, S.A. (2022). Antidiabetic Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.800714"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1451","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemicals with Anti-Diabetic Activity: Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"32","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Popul. Ther. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164956119861094","DOI":"10.1177\/2164956119861094","article-title":"Use of Ayurveda in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Adv. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3796265","article-title":"The Effect of Momordica charantia in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1224","article-title":"A Review on Anti-Diabetic Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaves","volume":"2","author":"Biswas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636053","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/636053","article-title":"Curcumin and Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.2007010","article-title":"Gymnema sylvestre: A Memoir","volume":"41","author":"Kanetkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/3112","article-title":"Antidiabetic Activity of Ayurvedic Niruryadi Gulika in Experimental Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110975","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise","volume":"133","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usai, R., Majoni, S., and Rwere, F. (2022). Natural products for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus in Zimbabwe-a review. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.980819"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.36922\/itps.1885","article-title":"Medicinal plants as a source of natural remedies in the management of diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Sitobo","year":"2024","journal-title":"INNOSC Theranostics Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00979-9","article-title":"Targeting the incretin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowluru, R.A. (2023). Cross Talks between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Epigenetics in Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020300"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003230","article-title":"Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and its complications: From pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, P., Jin, Y., Sun, J., and Zhou, X. (2024). The efficacy of resveratrol supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: Randomized double-blind placebo meta-analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1463027"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, K., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, H., Wan, X., Sun, X., and Luo, W. (2024). Global research trends and hotspots of oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy (2000\u20132024). Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1428411"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewanjee, S., Chakraborty, P., Mukherjee, B., and De Feo, V. (2020). Plant-Based Antidiabetic Nanoformulations: The Emerging Paradigm for Effective Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062217"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akpoveso, O.O.P., Ubah, E.E., and Obasanmi, G. (2023). Antioxidant Phytochemicals as Potential Therapy for Diabetic Complications. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010123"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabshomali, A., Bazzazzadehgan, S., Mahdi, F., and Shariat-Madar, Z. (2023). Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28207209"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jazieh, C., Arabi, T.Z., Asim, Z., Sabbah, B.N., Alsaud, A.W., Alkattan, K., and Yaqinuddin, A. (2024). Unraveling the epigenetic fabric of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1295967"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2023.19.1.46","article-title":"Epigenetics of the Pathogenesis and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Mannar","year":"2023","journal-title":"touchREV. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01670-6","article-title":"DNA methylation and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Nadiger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00549-5","article-title":"Effects of Phytochemicals on Type 2 Diabetes via MicroRNAs","volume":"13","author":"Sivri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, S., and Dashwood, R.H. (2020). Epigenetic Regulation of NRF2\/KEAP1 by Phytochemicals. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090865"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.07.065","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of curcumin as DNA hypomethylation agent in restoring the expression of Nrf2 via promoter CpGs demethylation","volume":"82","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divyajanani, S., Harithpriya, K., Ganesan, K., and Ramkumar, K.M. (2023). Dietary Polyphenols Remodel DNA Methylation Patterns of NRF2 in Chronic Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153347"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v3.i5.94","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates Nrf2 signaling defect, oxidative stress in muscle and glucose intolerance in high fat diet-fed mice","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.002","article-title":"Enhanced alleviation of insulin resistance via the IRS-1\/Akt\/FOXO1 pathway by combining quercetin and EGCG and involving miR-27a-3p and miR-96\u20135p","volume":"181","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Alarc\u00f3n, K., Victoriano, M., Mardones, L., Villagran, M., Al-Harrasi, A., Al-Rawahi, A., Cruz-Martins, N., Sharifi-Rad, J., and Martorell, M. (2021). Phytochemicals as Potential Epidrugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.656978"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bara\u0144ska, A., B\u0142aszczuk, A., Polz-Dacewicz, M., Kanadys, W., Malm, M., Janiszewska, M., and J\u0119drych, M. (2021). Effects of soy isoflavones on glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061886"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayem, A.S.M., Arya, A., Karimian, H., Krishnasamy, N., Hasamnis, A.A., and Hossain, C.F. (2018). Action of Phytochemicals on Insulin Signaling Pathways Accelerating Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Protein Translocation. Mol. J. Synth. Chem. Nat. Prod. Chem., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020258"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arres.2024.100113","article-title":"Phytochemical-mediated modulation of signaling pathways: A promising avenue for drug discovery","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Redox Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Yang, X., He, X., Wang, G., Li, C., Yuan, P., and Li, C. (2025). Mechanisms and therapeutics of insulin signaling transduction genes in diabetic cardiomyopathy: A comprehensive updated review. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1589695"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenzweig, T., and Sampson, S.R. (2021). Activation of Insulin Signaling by Botanical Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084193"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egbert, M.D., and Barandiaran, X.E. (2015). Corrigendum: Modeling habits as self-sustaining patterns of sensorimotor behavior. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00209"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2025.100825","article-title":"The commercial availability of plant-based phytochemical components used in GLP-1 inhibition for the treatment of type-2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Kour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110276","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5110276","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, S., Lin, M., Chong, D., Jensen, S., and Lau, N.S. (2024). A systematic review on gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1486793"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100125","article-title":"The role of phytochemicals in modulating the gut microbiota: Implications for health and disease","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06466-x","article-title":"Gut microbial carbohydrate metabolism contributes to insulin resistance","volume":"621","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i1.65","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites are novel targets for improving insulin resistance","volume":"13","author":"Bastos","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Yang, K., Fan, H., Wei, M., and Xiong, Q. (2023). Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114424"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i6.730","article-title":"Mechanisms linking gut microbial metabolites to insulin resistance","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112839","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2024.100639","article-title":"In vitro hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and phytochemical profiling of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Helichrysum cymosum","volume":"4","author":"Nkemzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00745.2009","article-title":"AMPK and SIRT1: A long-standing partnership?","volume":"298","author":"Ruderman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"102139","article-title":"The AMPK-SIRT1 Axis: Redefining type 2 diabetes mellitus management","volume":"14","author":"Kemelo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"241","article-title":"AMPK activation: A therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes?","volume":"7","author":"Coughlan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-01155-4","article-title":"Natural activators of AMPK signaling: Potential role in the management of type-2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112563","article-title":"AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation","volume":"146","author":"Entezari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iside, C., Scafuro, M., Nebbioso, A., and Altucci, L. (2020). SIRT1 Activation by Natural Phytochemicals: An Overview. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01225"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28528","article-title":"Targeting AMPK signaling pathway by natural products for treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"234","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106799","article-title":"Harnessing phytochemicals to combat diabetes: Insights into molecular pathways and therapeutic advances","volume":"128","author":"Situmorang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115274","article-title":"Phytochemicals for the treatment of metabolic diseases: Evidence from clinical studies","volume":"165","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.61186\/jcbr.7.1.13","article-title":"Recent advances in the therapeutic potential phytochemicals in managing diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Dahiru","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Basic Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Hassan, M., Ansari, S.A., Alkahtani, H.M., Al-Rasheed, L.S., and Ansari, S.A. (2024). Quercetin and Kaempferol as Multi-Targeting Antidiabetic Agents against Mouse Model of Chemically Induced Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060757"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66426-x","article-title":"Effects of kaempherol-3-rhamnoside on metabolic enzymes and AMPK in the liver tissue of STZ-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"14","author":"Aodah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ishaq, R.K., Abotaleb, M., Kubatka, P., Kajo, K., and B\u00fcsselberg, D. (2019). Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090430"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.05.004","article-title":"A comparative analysis of various flavonoids in the regulation of obesity and diabetes: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"59","author":"Varshney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112560","article-title":"Quercetin for managing type 2 diabetes and its complications, an insight into multitarget therapy","volume":"146","author":"Dhanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh3.12066","article-title":"Quercetin: Potential antidiabetic effects through enzyme inhibition and starch digestibility","volume":"3","author":"Catalkaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Saf. Health"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1732","article-title":"SIRT1 Takes a Backseat to AMPK in the Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Resveratrol","volume":"59","author":"Fullerton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00211.2007","article-title":"Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis","volume":"294","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, G., Ding, Y.W., Wang, L.L., and Jiang, J.D. (2023). Berberine stimulates lysosomal AMPK independent of PEN2 and maintains cellular AMPK activity through inhibiting the dephosphorylation regulator UHRF1. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1148611"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.037","article-title":"Berberine enhances the AMPK activation and autophagy and mitigates high glucose-induced apoptosis of mouse podocytes","volume":"794","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22179","article-title":"Berberine regulates AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and inhibits colon tumorigenesis in mice","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2012.06.003","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of berberine in diabetes treatment","volume":"2","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2299","article-title":"Ginseng and ginsenoside re do not improve \u03b2-cell function or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Reeds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, L., Gao, J., Wei, F., Zhao, J., Wang, D., and Wei, J. (2018). Therapeutic potential of ginsenosides as an adjuvant treatment for diabetes. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00423"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33652","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04656","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Malonyl Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on Type 2 Diabetic Mice","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.03.002","article-title":"Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tak, Y., Kaur, M., Chitranashi, A., Samota, M.K., Verma, P., Bali, M., and Kumawat, C. (2024). Fenugreek derived diosgenin as an emerging source for diabetic therapy. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1280100"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2010.01217.x","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of glycyrrhizin on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2014.02.004","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of Diosgenin on Attenuating the Key Enzymes Activities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycogen Content in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"38","author":"Saravanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035441","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1035441","article-title":"Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"2022","author":"Semwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8229","article-title":"Saponin monomers: Potential candidates for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9680508","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9680508","article-title":"Use of Chlorogenic Acid against Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications","volume":"2020","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.141607","article-title":"Inhibitory mechanism of chlorogenic acid on \u03b1-glucosidase and evaluation of its glucose consumption in HepG2 cells","volume":"1331","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156906","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid in SMYAD alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting cardiac lipotoxicity via GCGR\/PPAR\u03b1 and GCGR\/AMPK pathways","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01376-1","article-title":"Multiple nanotechnological approaches using natural compounds for diabetes management","volume":"23","author":"Stoleru","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121827","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7121827","article-title":"SIRT1 Regulates Cognitive Performance and Ability of Learning and Memory in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Models","volume":"2017","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156717","article-title":"The antidiabetic properties of lignans: A comprehensive review","volume":"141","author":"Isah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34336-z","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cell glutaminase 2 maintains glucose homeostasis under the condition of hyperglycaemia","volume":"13","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.053","article-title":"Flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside improves insulin sensitivity through upregulation of GLUT4 expression in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcelino, G., Machate, D.J., Freitas, K.C., Hiane, P.A., Maldonade, I.R., Pott, A., Asato, M.A., Candido, C.J., and Guimar\u00e3es, R.C.A. (2020). \u03b2-Carotene: Preventive Role for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245803"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45080420","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications","volume":"45","author":"Caturano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.04.057","article-title":"Carotenoids in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications: A mechanistic review","volume":"91","author":"Roohbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., and Arroo, R. (2023). The protective effects of flavonoids and carotenoids against diabetic complications\u2014A review of in vivo evidence. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1020950"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"101873","article-title":"Food phytochemicals as epigenetic modulators in diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Nurkolis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Tang, X., and Chen, H.Z. (2018). Sirtuins and Insulin Resistance. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00748"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nisar, A., Jagtap, S., Vyavahare, S., Deshpande, M., Harsulkar, A., Ranjekar, P., and Prakash, O. (2023). Phytochemicals in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases: The journey from preclinical trials to clinical practice. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1177050"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00265-7","article-title":"Anti-diabetic effect of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-glucoside: Data from insulin resistant hepatocyte and diabetic mouse","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12102","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2098464","article-title":"Anthocyanins\u2019 effects on diabetes mellitus and islet transplantation","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koz\u0142owska, A., and Nitsch-Osuch, A. (2024). Anthocyanins and Type 2 Diabetes: An Update of Human Study and Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111674"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35310","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c01900","article-title":"Emerging Plant-Based Nanotechnological Advances and Molecular Insights for Type-2 Diabetes, Diagnosis and Treatments-Recent Trends and Future Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Yousaf","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.33590\/emj\/YUGE2714","article-title":"Nanomedicine in The Treatment of Diabetes: Emerging Nanotherapeutic Strategies of Novel Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"210","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMJ Flagship J."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"62","article-title":"Trends of nanotechnology in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment","volume":"16","author":"Simos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S508875","article-title":"Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Managing Diabetes: Recent Advances and Future Prospects","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103159","article-title":"Nanotechnology as a potential treatment for diabetes and its complications: A review","volume":"18","author":"Manral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntm.2025.100093","article-title":"Nanocarrier-based insulin delivery: A leap towards a needle-free future","volume":"4","author":"Balasubramaniyam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano TransMed"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabit, H., Abdel-Hakeem, M., Shoala, T., Abdel-Ghany, S., Abdel-Latif, M.M., Almulhim, J., and Mansy, M. (2022). Nanocarriers: A Reliable Tool for the Delivery of Anticancer Drugs. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081566"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2023.09.001","article-title":"Review of the efficacy of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment","volume":"5","author":"Elumalai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto, E.B., Souto, S.B., Campos, J.R., Severino, P., Pashirova, T.N., Zakharova, L.Y., Silva, A.M., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., and Izzo, A.A. (2019). Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Diabetes Complications. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234209"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Lu, Z., Yang, J., Zhang, L., Li, Y., and Zhang, X. (2020). Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00880"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2024.105401","article-title":"Nanocarriers to mediate the pathways from diabetes toward Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"157","author":"De","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111464","article-title":"Preparation of double-layer nanoemulsions with controlled release of glucose as prevention of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients","volume":"138","author":"Razavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104377","article-title":"Nanomedicine-based potential phyto-drug delivery systems for diabetes","volume":"82","author":"Bahloul","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"100004","article-title":"Developing nanocarrier-based formulations of antidiabetic drugs derived from medicinal plants: A systemic review","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkhel, S., Shuvo, S.M., Ansari, M.A., Mondal, S., Kapat, P., Ghosh, A., Sarkar, T., Biswas, R., Atanase, L.I., and Carauleanu, A. (2024). Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: An Innovative Solution to Long-Lasting Challenges in Antidiabetic Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121572"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10215","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S285134","article-title":"Oral Nano Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Available Administration Strategy for Antidiabetic Phytocompounds","volume":"15","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2022.080","article-title":"The Trend of Organic Based Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Natesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, F., Sun, D.S., Wang, K.L., and Shang, D.Y. (2022). Nanomedicine of Plant Origin for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.811917"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05879","article-title":"Anthocyanins as Promising Molecules Affecting Energy Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes with Special Reference to Impact of Acylation","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8386065","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8386065","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Effects of Flavonoids: A Structure-Activity Relationship Based Study","volume":"2017","author":"Sarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104739","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship and interaction mechanism of nine structurally similar flavonoids and \u03b1-amylase","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsudin, N.F., Ahmed, Q.U., Mahmood, S., Shah, S.A.A., Sarian, M.N., Khattak, M.M.A.K., Khatib, A., Sabere, A.S.M., Yusoff, Y.M., and Latip, J. (2022). Flavonoids as Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents: A Review on Structural Activity Relationship-Based Studies and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012605"},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"791","article-title":"Exploring the potential of flavonoids as efflorescing antidiabetic: An updated SAR and mechanistic based approach","volume":"18","author":"Venugopala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"12","article-title":"Bioactive flavonoids in medicinal plants: Structure, activity and biological fate","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520988768","article-title":"Resveratrol and Curcumin Attenuate Ex Vivo Sugar-Induced Cartilage Glycation, Stiffening, Senescence, and Degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0006","article-title":"Berberine, a Natural Plant Product, Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase with Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Diabetic and Insulin-Resistant States","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"567","article-title":"The effect of nano-curcumin on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile in diabetic subjects: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Rahimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marton, L.T., Pescinini-E-Salzedas, L.M., Camargo, M.E.C., Barbalho, S.M., Haber, J.F.D.S., Sinatora, R.V., Detregiachi, C.R.P., Girio, R.J.S., Buchaim, D.V., and Cincotto Dos Santos Bueno, P. (2021). The Effects of Curcumin on Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.669448"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.01.013","article-title":"Efficacy of Berberine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, P., Choudhury, S.T., Seidel, V., Rahman, A.B., Aziz, M.A., Richi, A.E., Rahman, A., Jafrin, U.H., Hannan, J.M.A., and Abdel-Wahab, Y.H.A. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin in the Management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081146"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2017.41.4.251","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Green Tea or Green Tea Extract on Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00469-5","article-title":"Effects of green tea consumption on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortez-Navarrete, M., P\u00e9rez-Rubio, K.G., and Escobedo-Guti\u00e9rrez, M.d.J. (2023). Role of Fenugreek, Cinnamon, Curcuma longa, Berberine and Momordica charantia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040515"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8431","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin, Resveratrol, Silymarin, and Berberine on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systemic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Bi, C., Xi, H., and Wei, F. (2024). Effects of administering berberine alone or in combination on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1455534"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2019.100998","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial of Berberis vulgaris root extract on glycemic and lipid parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"32","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, T., Singh, J., Kaur, S., Sandhu, S., Singh, G., and Kaur, I.P. (2020). Enhancing Bioavailability and Stability of Curcumin Using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (CLEN): A Covenant for Its Effectiveness. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00879"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S155593","article-title":"Recent developments in solid lipid nanoparticle and surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for oral delivery of phyto-bioactive compounds in various chronic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Ganesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"100346","article-title":"Plant-derived nanoparticles as anti-diabetic agents: Exploring mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"8","author":"Tiwari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huda, M.N., Kim, M., and Bennett, B.J. (2021). Modulating the Microbiota as a Therapeutic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.632335"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Di, Z., Huang, W., and Xie, L. (2024). Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites with Traditional Chinese Medicines: An Emerging Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122747"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Villa, D., Ram\u00edrez-Jim\u00e9nez, R.A., Aranaz, I., Acosta, N., V\u00e1zquez-Lasa, B., and Rojo, L. (2022). Development of Methotrexate Complexes Endowed with New Biological Properties Envisioned for Musculoskeletal Regeneration in Rheumatoid Arthritis Environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710054"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b06395","article-title":"Glucose-Responsive Nanoparticles for Rapid and Extended Self-Regulated Insulin Delivery","volume":"14","author":"Volpatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100181","article-title":"Novel glucose-responsive nanoparticles based on p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid reduce blood glucose and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/1\/113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:11:04Z","timestamp":1768799464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/1\/113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":197,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18010113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]}}}