{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:39:49Z","timestamp":1780497589142,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine"},{"name":"Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We introduce the Onco-Hem Connectome (OHC), a patient similarity network (PSN) designed to organize real-world hemato-oncology inpatients by exploratory phenotypes with potential clinical utility. Background: Polypharmacy and drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) are pervasive in hemato-oncology and vary with comorbidity and treatment intensity. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a 2023 single-center cohort of 298 patients (1158 hospital episodes). Standardized feature vectors combined demographics, comorbidity (Charlson, Elixhauser), comorbidity polypharmacy score (CPS), aggregate DDI severity score (ADSS), diagnoses, and drug exposures. Cosine similarity defined edges (threshold \u2265 0.6) to build an undirected PSN; communities were detected with modularity-based clustering and profiled by drugs, diagnosis codes, and canonical chemotherapy regimens. Results: The OHC comprised 295 nodes and 4179 edges (density 0.096, modularity Q = 0.433), yielding five communities. Communities differed in comorbidity burden (Kruskal\u2013Wallis \u03b52: Charlson 0.428, Elixhauser 0.650, age 0.125, all FDR-adjusted p &lt; 0.001) but not in utilization (LOS, episodes) after FDR (\u03b52 \u2248 0.006\u20130.010). Drug enrichment (e.g., enoxaparin \u0394 = +0.13 in Community 2; vinblastine \u0394 = +0.09 in Community 3) and principal diagnoses (e.g., C90.0 23%, C91.1 15%, C83.3 15% in Community 1) supported distinct clinical phenotypes. Robustness analyses showed block-equalized features preserved communities (ARI 0.946; NMI 0.941). Community drug signatures and regimen signals aligned with diagnosis patterns, reflecting the integration of resource-use variables in the feature design. Conclusions: The Onco-Hem Connectome yields interpretable, phenotype-level insights that can inform supportive care bundles, DDI-aware prescribing, and stewardship, and it provides a foundation for phenotype-specific risk models (e.g., prolonged stay, infection, high-DDI episodes) in hemato-oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Onco-Hem Connectome\u2014Network-Based Phenotyping of Polypharmacy and Drug\u2013Drug Interactions in Onco-Hematological Inpatients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1156-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina-Oana","family":"Vasii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Data Analysis, Cheminformatics, and the Internet of Medical Things, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2449-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiana","family":"Colib\u0103\u0219anu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Data Analysis, Cheminformatics, and the Internet of Medical Things, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Department II\u2014Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8113-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina-Diana","family":"Goldi\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Data Analysis, Cheminformatics, and the Internet of Medical Things, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Pharmacy, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0968-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian-Mihai","family":"Ardelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Politehnica University Timi\u015foara, 300223 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7607-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Udrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Technology, Politehnica University Timi\u015foara, 300223 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery I\u2014Clinic of Surgical Semiotics & Thoracic Surgery, Center for Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8158-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel-Claudiu","family":"Mali\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XV\u2014Orthopedics-Traumatology, Urology, Radiology and Medical Imaging, Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"Ioni\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Center for Malignant Hemopathies, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, Emergency Municipal Hospital, 300254 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3084-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucre\u021bia","family":"Udrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Data Analysis, Cheminformatics, and the Internet of Medical Things, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Department I\u2014Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Analysis, Victor Babe\u015f University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u015foara, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155216671189","article-title":"Impact of pharmacist interventions on cost avoidance in an ambulatory cancer center","volume":"24","author":"Randolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552241281664","article-title":"Assessment of drug-drug interactions among patients with hematologic malignancy: A clinical pharmacist-led study","volume":"31","author":"Zarrabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220910209","article-title":"Potential drug\u2013drug interactions in hospitalized cancer patients: A report from the Middle-East","volume":"27","author":"Moghaddas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auberger, P., Tamburini-Bonnefoy, J., and Puissant, A. (2020). Drug resistance in hematological malignancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176091"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104405","article-title":"Clinical implications of the Drug-Drug Interaction in Cancer Patients treated with innovative oncological treatments","volume":"200","author":"Santamaria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V120.21.4250.4250","article-title":"Drug-drug interactions in the hematology and oncology department: A real-life assessment of frequency and severity","volume":"120","author":"Metzke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.4103\/jrptps.JRPTPS_67_18","article-title":"Evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions in patients with hematologic malignancies at a referral hematology\u2013oncology hospital: A single-center experience","volume":"8","author":"Ataei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rep. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"229","article-title":"Severe drug interactions and potentially inappropriate medication usage in elderly cancer patients","volume":"25","author":"Alkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155217717324","article-title":"Prevalence study on potential drug\u2013drug interaction in cancer patients in Piacenza hospital\u2019s Onco-Haematology department","volume":"24","author":"Vecchia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2005.03.007","article-title":"Drug\u2013drug interactions in oncology: Why are they important and can they be minimized?","volume":"55","author":"Blower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisci, S., Amitrano, F., Saggese, M., Muto, T., Sarno, S., Mele, S., Vitale, P., Ronga, G., Berretta, M., and Di Francia, R. (2019). Overview of current targeted anti-cancer drugs for therapy in onco-hematology. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080414"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk130","article-title":"Potential drug interactions and duplicate prescriptions among cancer patients","volume":"99","author":"Riechelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albayrak, A., and \u00d6zbalc\u0131, D. (2024). Determination of drug-related problems in the hematology service: A prospective interventional study. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12291-w"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2007.00815.x","article-title":"Polypharmacy in older oncology patients and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to side-effect management 1","volume":"32","author":"Sokol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220943964","article-title":"Clinical pharmacy in onco-hematology and bone marrow transplant: A valuable contribution to improving patient safety","volume":"27","author":"Visacri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900211003446","article-title":"Impact of clinical pharmacy services on patient management in the chemotherapy infusion clinics: A 5-year study at a comprehensive cancer center","volume":"35","author":"Mashni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 25). ICD-10 Online Browser (2019 Edition). Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.161658","article-title":"Comorbidity polypharmacy score and its clinical utility: A pragmatic practitioner\u2019s perspective","volume":"8","author":"Stawicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Emergencies Trauma Shock"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000521288","article-title":"Charlson comorbidity index: A critical review of clinimetric properties","volume":"91","author":"Charlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad976","article-title":"DrugBank 6.0: The DrugBank knowledgebase for 2024","volume":"52","author":"Knox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"394","article-title":"Comparison of the Application of Weighted Cosine Similarity and Minkowski Distance Similarity Methods in Stroke Diagnostic Systems","volume":"14","author":"Purwadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"(IJACSA) Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wu, R., and Qu, Z. (2023). A Cosine-Similarity-Based Deconvolution Method for Analyzing Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Data. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13105969"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asiri, Y. (2023). Computing drug-drug similarity from patient-centric data. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10020182"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and community structure in networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066133","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066133","article-title":"Fast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks","volume":"69","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E\u2014Stat. Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3289","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3289","article-title":"Network science meets respiratory medicine for OSAS phenotyping and severity prediction","volume":"5","author":"Mihaicuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Top\u00eerceanu, A., Udrescu, L., Udrescu, M., and Mihaicuta, S. (2020). Gender phenotyping of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using a network science approach. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124025"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-015-1342-1","article-title":"Evaluation of patients diagnosed with essential arterial hypertension through network analysis","volume":"185","author":"Suciu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13060255","article-title":"Unveiling Drug-Drug Interactions in Dental Patients: A Retrospective Real-World Study","volume":"13","author":"Ardelean","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suciu, L., Ardelean, S.M., Udrescu, M., Goldi\u015f, F.D., H\u00e2nda, D., Tuic\u0103, M.M., Vasii, S.O., and Udrescu, L. (2024). Categorical Analysis of Database Consistency in Reporting Drug\u2013Drug Interactions for Cardiovascular Diseases. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030339"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giad011","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giad011","article-title":"The curse and blessing of abundance\u2014The evolution of drug interaction databases and their impact on drug network analysis","volume":"12","author":"Udrescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.07.019","article-title":"Bone health in cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines","volume":"31","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e250032","article-title":"Adult cancer pain, version 2.2025, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology","volume":"23","author":"Swarm","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, S.E., Selvaggi, K.J., Scullion, B.F., and Blinderman, C.D. (2018). Pain management and antiemetic therapy in hematologic disorders. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-35762-3.00091-3"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.2555.2555","article-title":"Serious Adverse Drug Reactions (sADRS) Associated with Hematopoietic Growth Factors: A Systematic Review From the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) Program","volume":"116","author":"Norris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273291","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-22-691","article-title":"Supportive care and symptom management in patients with advanced hematological malignancies: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2024.11.104","article-title":"Supportive care and quality of life in MDS: Essential management strategies","volume":"46","author":"Mastanzade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2018.1446811","article-title":"Impact on acute myeloid leukemia relapse in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor application: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1188\/11.S1.CJON.9-23","article-title":"Maintaining bone health in patients with multiple myeloma: Survivorship care plan of the International Myeloma Foundation Nurse Leadership Board","volume":"15","author":"Miceli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02342","article-title":"Impact of the Oncology Care Model on use of bone supportive medications, antiemetics, and growth factors","volume":"40","author":"Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2012.03.001","article-title":"Hematopoietic growth factors: Personalization of risks and benefits","volume":"6","author":"Puhalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552241265304","article-title":"A multifaceted role of bisphosphonates from palliative care to anti-cancer therapy in solid tumors","volume":"31","author":"Veeraballi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Supportive care in hemato-oncology: A review in light of the latest guidelines","volume":"29","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0183-y","article-title":"Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Plummer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.10.005","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical course of cardiovascular toxicity of cancer treatment II. Hematology","volume":"46","author":"Breccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00849-z","article-title":"Cardiac toxicities in multiple myeloma: An updated and a deeper look into the effect of different medications and novel therapies","volume":"13","author":"Moukalled","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-025-06397-9","article-title":"Venous thromboembolic risk in hematological hospitalized patients: A retrospective study","volume":"104","author":"Cordella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blennow, O., and Ljungman, P. (2018). Infections in hematology patients. Concise Guide to Hematology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97873-4_38"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5929","article-title":"Hematological diseases and heart","volume":"54","author":"Can","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0347-2","article-title":"Vascular toxic effects of cancer therapies","volume":"17","author":"Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.08.004","article-title":"Bortezomib-based chemotherapy for multiple myeloma patients without comorbid cardiovascular disease shows no cardiotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Heitner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2447-3","article-title":"Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with solid tumours and haematological malignancies\u2014Update of the Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)","volume":"94","author":"Sandherr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023067","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2023.067","article-title":"Evaluating the use of meropenem in hematologic patients with febrile neutropenia: A retrospective observational single-cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Stuurman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.1161","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of anemia and hematinic deficiencies in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Cleland","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blijlevens, N.M., and de Mooij, C.E. (2023). Mucositis and infection in hematology patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119592"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00652","article-title":"Management of cancer therapy\u2013associated oral mucositis","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s44276-024-00064-8","article-title":"New light on chemotherapy toxicity and its prevention","volume":"2","author":"Juthani","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJC Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112503","article-title":"Clinical implications of chemotherapeutic agent organ toxicity on perioperative care","volume":"146","author":"Zeien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2022.02.006","article-title":"Strategies to mitigate the toxicity of cancer therapeutics","volume":"155","author":"Kahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1039\/D5PM00090D","article-title":"Advances in targeted therapies and emerging strategies for blood cancer treatment","volume":"2","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Cardinale, D. (2025, December 12). Monitoring and Treatment of Cardiovascular Complications During Cancer Therapies. Part I: Anthracyclines, HER2-Targeted Therapies and Fluoropyrimidines. Cardinale, Available online: https:\/\/www.escardio.org\/communities\/councils\/cardiology-practice\/education\/cardiopractice\/monitoring-and-treatment-of-cardiovascular-complications-during-cancer-therapies\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Johnson, M., and Keyes, D. (2024). Anthracycline toxicity. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(97)90020-5","article-title":"Anthracyclines in haematology: Preclinical studies, toxicity and delivery systems","volume":"11","author":"Richardson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-960X(98)90030-3","article-title":"Anthracyclines in haematology: Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-017-0369-y","article-title":"Beyond anthracyclines: Preemptive management of cardiovascular toxicity in the era of targeted agents for hematologic malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.33696\/immunology.5.175","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis in lymphoma by chemotherapy regimen","volume":"5","author":"Kossow","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155218795323","article-title":"Is antimicrobial prophylaxis necessary for lymphoma patients? A single centre, real-life experience","volume":"25","author":"Albayrak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Byar, K., and Anderson, A. (2025). An Overview of the Management of Electrolyte Emergencies and Imbalances in Cancer Patients. J. Adv. Pract. Oncol., 1\u201315."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220907671","article-title":"Development and implementation of an electrolyte replacement protocol in the outpatient oncology infusion centers of a large academic healthcare system","volume":"26","author":"Ajewole","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2012.690393","article-title":"The role of high-dose corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"21","author":"Smolej","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3180335be0","article-title":"Comparison of megadose methylprednisolone versus conventional dose prednisolone in hematologic disorders","volume":"29","author":"Yetgin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madonna, R. (2021). Multi-target drugs for blood cancer in the elderly: Implications of damage and repair in the cardiovascular toxicity. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.792751"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-023-00465-1","article-title":"Antifungal stewardship interventions in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Vergidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28145","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28145","article-title":"Antifungal stewardship: A budding branch of antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"67","author":"Science","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2024.2383401","article-title":"How can we optimize antifungal use and stewardship in the treatment of acute leukemia?","volume":"17","author":"Taynton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1590570","article-title":"Auditing fungal disease in leukemia patients in a tertiary care center: Opportunities and challenges for an antifungal stewardship program","volume":"60","author":"Paige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2025.4.6","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacist Led Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Vancomycin in a Romanian Hospital","volume":"73","author":"Hui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, L.A., Vlase, A.M., Hiri\u0219c\u0103u, E.I., Bodolea, C., B\u0103lan, A.M., Vlase, L., and Popa, A. (2025). Effectiveness and Safety of Linezolid as Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Infusion in Critically Ill Patients: A Pilot Study. Future Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol5040061"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab674","article-title":"Defining cardiovascular toxicities of cancer therapies: An International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS) consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Herrmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018403","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018403","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity related to cancer treatment: A pragmatic approach to the American and European cardio-oncology guidelines","volume":"9","author":"Alexandre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13238","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy during cancer treatment: Beyond antibacterial effects","volume":"290","author":"Ghanem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.5.1471","article-title":"Bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance pattern in cancer patients with febrile neutropenia","volume":"20","author":"Moghimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-212418","article-title":"Comparing Loop Diuretic Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Differentiation Syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Nethagani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sft135","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of recent anti-cancer agents","volume":"7","author":"Lameire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9681","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29120760","article-title":"The nephrotoxicity of drugs used in causal oncological therapies","volume":"29","author":"Spaleniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31815adfde","article-title":"An evaluation of amikacin nephrotoxicity in the hematology\/oncology population","volume":"15","author":"Kiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20679","article-title":"Evaluation of QT dispersion in \u03b2 thalassaemia major patients","volume":"81","author":"Ulger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.1.6.549","article-title":"Anthracyclines as effective anticancer drugs","volume":"1","author":"Nadas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2015.11.001","article-title":"Maximizing anthracycline tolerability in hematologic malignancies: Treat to each heart\u2019s content","volume":"30","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03152.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of vinca alkaloids: Summary of case reports","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-023-03636-6","article-title":"Vinca alkaloids as a potential cancer therapeutics: Recent update and future challenges","volume":"13","author":"Banyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.69613\/p1kb6g93","article-title":"Current Status and Development of Vinca Alkaloids in Cancer Treatment","volume":"3","author":"Kannepogu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharma Insights Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520616666161221112042","article-title":"Role of azoles in cancer prevention and treatment: Present and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem.-Anti Agents"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433172","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2024.2433172","article-title":"Combining azole antifungals with venetoclax plus azacitidine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"29","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33508","article-title":"Duration of cytopenias with concomitant venetoclax and azole antifungals in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Rausch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2013.05.005","article-title":"Electrolyte disorders associated with cancer","volume":"21","author":"Rosner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verzicco, I., Regolisti, G., Quaini, F., Bocchi, P., Brusasco, I., Ferrari, M., Passeri, G., Cannone, V., Coghi, P., and Fiaccadori, E. (2020). Electrolyte disorders induced by antineoplastic drugs. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00779"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/2\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:49:02Z","timestamp":1769165342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/2\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18020146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}}}